Что мы (не) знаем об эффективности инструментов ДКП в современном мире?

Решающую роль в обеспечении макроэкономической стабильности в развитых странах в период с середины 1980-х до 2007 г. сыграла денежно-кредитная политика, которая оказалась эффективным инструментом сглаживания экономического цикла и поддержания ценовой стабильности. После мирового финансового кризиса 2008—2009 гг. эффективность монетарной политики стала вызывать вопросы, поскольку, несмотря на широкое применение как традиционных, так и нетрадиционных мер, быстро восстановить экономический рост в развитых странах не удалось. В статье рассматриваются факторы, обусловившие падение эффективности монетарной политики в современных макроэкономических условиях, в числе которых глобальная дезинфляция, уменьшение наклона кривой Филлипса, проблема эффективной границы номинальных ставок и снижение нейтрального уровня реальной ставки. Анализируются нетрадиционные инструменты монетарной политики, включая так называемые «вертолетные деньги», целевое рефинансирование и другие перспективные инструменты. Критически обсуждаются рекомендации современной денежной теории (ММТ) как наиболее системной неортодоксальной альтернативной теории. На основе проведенного анализа сделаны выводы о возможном ослаблении эффективности монетарной политики в России в обозримом будущем и о целесообразности использовать гибридные фискально-монетарные инструменты.

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