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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2026-7-5-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-6235</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>250 лет труду Смита: как цифровые платформы возвращают к ядру экономической науки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>250 years of Smith’s work: How digital platforms bring us back to the core of economic science</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4598-0631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьминов</surname><given-names>Я. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzminov</surname><given-names>Y. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузьминов Ярослав Иванович, к. э. н., доцент, научный руководитель</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yaroslav I. Kuzminov </p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kouzminov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4778-3287</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кручинская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruchinskaia</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кручинская Екатерина Владиславовна, к. пол. н., доцент департамента политики и управления, ст. преподаватель кафедры высшей математики</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Kruchinskaia </p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekruchinskaya@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/6235">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/6235</self-uri><abstract><p>В 2026 г. исполняется 250 лет с выхода в свет работы «Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов» Адама Смита — труда, заложившего основания экономической науки. Три фактора производства, неявно введенные Смитом, – труд, земля и капитал, — сегодня не действуют в чистом виде: любая (не только цифровая, но и традиционная) отрасль не создает прибыль без данных, технологий и инфраструктуры, что ставит под вопрос универсальность исходной системы. Игнорировать этот разрыв невозможно: экономика, в которой цифровой сектор, включающий втрое меньше отраслей, чем физический, обеспечивает вдвое больший вклад труда в рост выпуска и в отдельных случаях лидирует по темпам роста производительности, устроена иначе, чем та, которую описывал Смит. По данным BEA–BLS по 63 отраслям США за 1997–2023 гг., этот разрыв не циклический: он фиксирует структурное изменение самой системы факторов производства. Что сказал бы Смит, увидев цифровые платформы, и как бы он переосмыслил собственные категории? Тот же вопрос поставлен в отношении нескольких экономистов, на которых Смит прямо повлиял, — Маркса, Маршалла, Пигу, Шумпетера, Коуза. Предложена процедура возвращения к ядру теории, позволяющая проследить эволюцию факторов производства от исходной триады к системе, включающей данные, технологии и инфраструктуру, и проверить эту эволюцию через цепочку концепций названных теоретиков. Авторы показывают, что сегодня положения, сформулированные классиками, в целом сохраняют силу, однако начинают работать в условиях, где границы рынка становятся, по существу, бесконечными, а затраты на доступ к рынку – минимальными. Возник прозрачный рынок, открытый для малых игроков, а рыночная власть переходит в сферу владения цифровыми активами, которые его обеспечивают. Экономический анализ информационного общества, цифровых платформ и искусственного интеллекта требует пересборки «твердого ядра» науки, отказа от его ученического освоения «через учебник». Экономическая наука сохраняет свое значение для принятия решений, но сами экономисты должны преодолеть болезнь невнимания к фундаментальным основам своей теории.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The year 2026 marks the 250th anniversary of Adam Smith’s “An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations”, the work that had laid the foundations of economic science. The three factors of production Smith implicitly introduced — labor, land, and capital — no longer operate in their pure form: the digital and even non-digital sectors generate no profit without data, technology, and infrastructure, which calls into question the universality of the original system. This gap cannot be ignored: an economy in which the digital sector, comprising three times fewer industries than the physical sector, contributes twice as much labor input to output growth and in some cases leads in productivity growth rates is structured differently from the one Smith described. According to BEA–BLS data for 63 U.S. industries over 1997—2023, this gap is not cyclical: it registers a structural change in the very system of factors of production. The central question of this paper is not historical reconstruction but method: what would Smith have said had he seen digital platforms, and how would he have rethought his own categories? The same question is posed regarding the economists Smith directly influenced and who developed the theory of market organization, the firm, and consumer surplus — Marx, Marshall, Pigou, Schumpeter, Coase. The paper proposes a procedure of returning to the theoretical core that makes it possible to trace the evolution of factors of production from the original triad to a system that includes data, technology, and infrastructure, and to test this evolution through the sequence of these theorists. The analysis shows that the propositions formulated by the classics retain their validity on the whole yet begin to operate under conditions where market boundaries become, in essence, infinite. A transparent market open to small players has emerged, and economic science must reckon with this, and market power is shifting to the ownership of the digital assets that underpin it. Economic analysis of the information society, digital platforms, and artificial intelligence requires rebuilding the “hard core” of science, abandoning its textbook-based learning. Ultimately, such analysis is essential for informed decision-making, but economists must overcome the disease of neglecting the fundamental foundations of their theory.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Смит</kwd><kwd>богатство народов</kwd><kwd>цифровые платформы</kwd><kwd>данные</kwd><kwd>факторы производства</kwd><kwd>разделение труда</kwd><kwd>потребительский излишек</kwd><kwd>трансакционные издержки</kwd><kwd>ядро науки</kwd><kwd>экономическая теория</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Smith</kwd><kwd>wealth of nations</kwd><kwd>digital platforms</kwd><kwd>data</kwd><kwd>factors of production</kwd><kwd>division of labor</kwd><kwd>consumer surplus</kwd><kwd>transaction costs</kwd><kwd>core of science</kwd><kwd>economic theory</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Автономов В. С. (2026). 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