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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2026-4-5-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5842</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюция механизма общественного развития:  попытка четырехфакторного анализа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The evolution of the mechanism of social development:  An attempt at a four-factor analysis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-6823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полтерович</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polterovich</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Полтерович Виктор Меерович, академик РАН, гл. н. с.,  руководитель научного направления «Математическая экономика» ЦЭМИ РАН,  </p><p>замдиректора МШЭ МГУ. </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">polterov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный экономико-математический институт РАН; Московская школа экономики Московского государственного университета  имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Economics and Mathematics Institute of  the Russian Academy of Sciences;  Moscow School of  Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5842">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5842</self-uri><abstract><sec><title> В статьях автора 2018 г</title><p> В статьях автора 2018 г. была предпринята попытка описать механизм эволюции стран Запада в XIV—XX вв. как взаимодействие четырех групп факторов — технического прогресса, гражданской культуры, институтов и уровня благосостояния. При этом речь шла о восходящей ветви эволюции западных стран. В настоящей работе уточнены полученные результаты, предложена гипотеза об исчерпании потенциала этого механизма и кризисе экономических и политических систем этих стран, а также системы международных отношений. Показано, что кризис стал следствием ряда тенденций: замедления технического прогресса и распространения искаженных инноваций, снижения темпов экономического роста, упадка гражданской культуры, связанного с эффектом деструктивного альтруизма, а также деградации институтов конкуренции вследствие «проблемы грязных рук». Политика Трампа, во многом обусловленная имперским синдромом, характерным для правящей элиты США, не способна переломить эти тенденции и ведет к разрушению мирового порядка. Обсуждается гипотеза о возможном выходе из кризиса за счет формирования институтов сотрудничества при объединении усилий Европейского союза и России. </p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the author’s 2018 papers, an attempt was made to describe the mechanism of the evolution of Western countries from the 14th to the 20th centuries as the interaction of four groups of factors: technological progress, civic culture, institutions, and welfare. The focus was on the ascending branch of the evolution of Western countries. In this paper the results obtained are clarified, and a hypothesis is proposed that the potential of this mechanism has been exhausted, giving rise to a crisis in the economic and political systems of these countries, as well as in the system of international relations. It is shown that this crisis has resulted from a number of trends: a slowdown in technological progress and the spread of distorted innovations, a decline in economic growth, a decay of civic culture associated with the effect of destructive altruism, and the degradation of institutions of competition caused by the “dirty hands problem”. Trump’s policies, largely driven by the imperial syndrome characteristic of the US ruling elite, are incapable of reversing these trends and are leading to the destruction of the world order. The paper also discusses the hypothesis that a possible way out of the crisis may lie in the formation of institutions of cooperation through the combined efforts of the European Union and Russia. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>технический прогресс</kwd><kwd>гражданская культура</kwd><kwd>институты</kwd><kwd>благосостояние</kwd><kwd>искаженные инновации</kwd><kwd>имперский синдром</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>technological progress</kwd><kwd>civic culture</kwd><kwd>institutions</kwd><kwd>welfare</kwd><kwd>distorted innovation</kwd><kwd>problem of dirty hands</kwd><kwd>imperial syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аджемоглу Д., Джонсон С. (2023). Власть и прогресс. М.: АСТ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acemoglu D., Johnson S. (2023). 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