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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2026-2-52-77</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5727</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES OF THEORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Релятивистские основания новой модели рыночного равновесия</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Relativistic foundations of a new model of market equilibrium</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубинштейн</surname><given-names>А. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubinstein</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рубинштейн Александр Яковлевич - д. ф. н., заслуженный деятель науки РФ, проф., руководитель научного направления «Теоретическая экономика» ИЭ РАН.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander Y. Rubinstein.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arubin@aha.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономики РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5727">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5727</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассматривается фундаментальный методологический конфликт в экономической теории: «непреодолимое разногласие» между методологическим индивидуализмом и холизмом. Показано, что в рамках индивидуализма невозможно корректно определить функцию полезности государства: в кейнсианской и неокейнсианской моделях равновесия государство присутствует условно в виде некоего «аналитика», объясняющего сдвиги кривых спроса и предложения. Предложено отказаться от универсализма теоретических концепций в пользу принципа методологического релятивизма, который не требует строгой приверженности одному из канонов. Утрачивая статус «единственно верных», индивидуализм и холизм сохраняют свое значение: индивидуализм применим для анализа частных товаров, а холизм — для благ, имеющих только социальную полезность. Релятивистская методология применена к анализу опекаемых благ, и построена модифицированная модель равновесия Викселля—Линдаля. В данной модели трансформируется статус государства от «ночного сторожа» до участника рыночных отношений, стремящегося максимизировать собственную функцию полезности. В модели применяется процедура вертикального суммирования функций спроса мегаиндивидуума (рыночный агрегат индивидуальных предпочтений) и спроса государства, интерес которого формируется в политической системе. Доказано, что опекаемое благо, оставаясь частным для индивидов, приобретает свойства общественного товара для пары мегаиндивидуум—государство. Приведены примеры решения на основе новой модели ряда задач, описан феномен «общественной опеки», обоснованы концепция мериторных благ и категория бюджетной субсидии, где, в отличие от традиционной трактовки в виде чистых потерь, ее содержание связано с экономической отдачей от бюджетных инвестиций. Предложенная модель открывает новые перспективы для анализа государственной экономической политики и государственного управления на основе использования положений новой политической экономии и теории общественного выбора.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The continuation of the discussion on individualism and holism can have a more general scientific justification on the basis of multidisciplinary approach and achievements of modern philosophy and sociology. As a result of introducing the principle of methodological relativism into economic theory and distinguishing four relatively independent relativist doctrines, the article presents the peculiarities of relativist methodology, which is based on two fundamental statements about the impossibility of existence of objectively neutral criteria for choosing between conflicting alternatives and that these alternatives themselves arise in different cultural contexts. An important consequence of this approach is the new research results in the field of the theory of merit goods — that part of the economy where the state participates in financing the production of goods and services with social utility. A significant part of the work is devoted to new results: it is about proving the necessity to return to a strict dichotomy in the definition of public goods (according to Samuelson) and the introduction of a new category of “normative-public goods”, the properties of non-excludability and non-competitiveness of which are acquired in the process of purposeful actions of the state, in the extreme case of the policy of meritization of private goods and services. The new results also include the construction of an equilibrium model for merit goods, an important consequence of which is the justification of an alternative exegetics of the “Harberger triangle”, which became a theoretical proof of the rehabilitation of the category of budgetary subsidy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>методологический индивидуализм</kwd><kwd>холизм</kwd><kwd>релятивизм</kwd><kwd>опекаемые блага</kwd><kwd>интерес государства</kwd><kwd>модель равновесия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>individualism</kwd><kwd>holism</kwd><kwd>relativistic methodology</kwd><kwd>individual utility</kwd><kwd>social utility</kwd><kwd>merit goods</kwd><kwd>budget subsidy</kwd><kwd>Harberger triangle</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абель Э., Бернанке Б. (2008). Макроэкономика. 5-е изд. 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