voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2025-8-5-25voprecotest-5464Research ArticleЭКОНОМИКА ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ РЫНКОВINDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONПриоритеты и инструменты современной промышленной политики: субсидии для сложной экономикиPriorities and instruments of modern industrial policy: Subsidies for economic complexityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3668СимачевЮ. В.SimachevYu. V.

Симачев Юрий Вячеславович - к. т. н., директор Центра исследований структурной политики НИУ ВШЭ.

Москва

Yuri V. Simachev

Moscow

yusimachev@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-8106ФедюнинаА. А.FedyuninaA. A.

Федюнина Анна Андреевна - к. э. н., вед. н. с., замдиректора Центра исследований структурной политики НИУ ВШЭ.

Москва

Anna A. Fedyunina

Moscow

anna.fedyunina@gmail.comНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияAuthors affiliation: HSE UniversityRussian Federation20251408202508525Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20252025Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5464

Рассматриваются современные приоритеты и инструменты промышленной политики (направленной на структурные изменения в экономике) в условиях усиливающейся геополитической нестабильности, технологической конкуренции и растущей значимости структурной трансформации. Предложен оригинальный индекс экономической сложности государственной финансовой поддержки, что позволяет сопоставить направленность поддержки в разных странах. Анализ более 6,5 тыс. уникальных нормативных актов из базы GTA Corporate Subsidy Inventory показывает, что развитые страны чаще поддерживают секторы с высокой технологической сложностью, а экономики с формирующимся рынком чаще склоняются к помощи менее сложным, но системообразующим отраслям. Выявлено, что целевая поддержка малого и среднего бизнеса чаще применяется в традиционных или простых секторах, выполняя функции социальной стабильности и сокращения неравенства. Установлена положительная корреляция между общей экономической сложностью страны и сложностью ее портфеля мер промышленной поддержки. Поддержка в развитых странах оказывается более простой по сравнению с уровнем сложности национальной экономики, приоритеты стран с формирующимся рынком чаще связаны с более сложными (в рамках национальной экономики) направлениями. Таким образом, догоняющие страны стремятся активизировать структурные сдвиги в пользу технологически сложных секторов, а развитые могут позволить определенную гармонизацию экономического роста.

The article examines contemporary priorities and instruments of industrial policy — defined as policies aimed at structural change in the economy — in the context of increasing geopolitical instability, technological competition, and the growing importance of structural transformation. An original index of the economic complexity of government financial support is proposed, based on the methodology of economic complexity, which allows for cross-country comparisons of the orientation of industrial support. An analysis of more than 6,500 unique regulatory acts from the GTA Corporate Subsidy Inventory shows that developed countries tend to support sectors with high technological complexity, while emerging market economies are more inclined to assist less complex but systemically important industries. It is also revealed that targeted SME support is often concentrated in traditional or simple sectors, serving functions related to social stability and inequality reduction. A positive correlation is found between a country’s overall economic complexity and the complexity of its industrial policy portfolio. At the same time, it appears that the industrial support provided by developed countries is relatively simpler compared to the complexity level of their national economies, whereas the priorities of emerging market economies are more often aligned with relatively complex sectors within their domestic contexts. Thus, catching-up economies aim to accelerate structural shifts toward technologically complex sectors, while developed economies can afford a more balanced approach to economic growth.

промышленная политикасубсидииэкономическая сложностьгосударственная поддержкаструктурная трансформацияразвитые страныразвивающиеся страныindustrial policysubsidieseconomic complexitystate supportstructural transformationdeveloped countriesdeveloping countriesРабота выполнена в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. Авторы выражают искреннюю признательность анонимному рецензенту за ценные комментарии и рекомендацииReferencesДоржиева В. В. (2019). Россия и Евразийский экономический союз: сравнительный анализ отраслевой структуры экономики и промышленной политики // Вестник Евразийской науки. Т. 11, № 1. C. 1—12. https://doi.org/10.15862/53ecvn119Dorzhieva V. V. (2019). Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union: A comparative analysis of the sectoral structure of the economy and industrial policy. Eurasian Scientific Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1—12. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.15862/53ecvn119Кадочников С., Федюнина А. (2013). Влияние связанного разнообразия экспорта на экономическое развитие регионов России // Вопросы экономики. № 9. С. 128—149. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-9-128-149Kadochnikov S., Fedyunina A. (2013). The impact of related variety in export on economic development of Russian regions. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 9, pp. 128—149. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-9-128-149Любимов И. Л., Лысюк М. В., Гвоздева М. А. (2018). Атлас экономической сложности российских регионов // Вопросы экономики. № 6. C. 71—91. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-6-71-91Lyubimov I. L., Lysyuk M. V., Gvozdeva M. A. (2018). Atlas of economic complexity, Russian regional pages. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 6, pp. 71—91. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-6-71-91Мальцев А., Чичилимов С. (2025). Укоренение неопротекционизма в мировой экономике XXI века // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. Т. 69, № 4. С. 5—14. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-4-5-14Maltsev A., Chichilimov S. (2025). Entrenchment of neo-protectionism in the global economy of the 21st century. World Economy and International Relations, Vol. 69, No. 4, pp. 5—14. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-4-5-14Романова О. А., Пономарева А. О. (2020). Многовекторная промышленная политика России в условиях формирования нового индустриального ландшафта // Журнал экономической теории. Т. 17, № 2. С. 276—291. https://doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-2.3Romanova O. A., Ponomareva A. O. (2020). Multi-vector industrial policy in Russia in an emerging new industrial landscape. Russian Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 276—291. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-2.3Симачев Ю. В., Федюнина А. А., Кузык М. Г. (2022). Российская промышленная политика в условиях трансформации системы мирового производства и жестких ограничений // Вопросы экономики. № 6. С. 5—25. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-6-5-25Simachev Y. V., Fedyunina A. A., Kuzyk M. G. (2022). Russian industrial policy in the context of global production system transformation and severe constraints. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 6, pp. 5—25. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-6-5-25Смородинская Н. В., Катуков Д. Д. (2024). Курс на технологический суверенитет: новый глобальный тренд и российская специфика // Балтийский регион. Т. 16, № 3. C. 108—135 https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-6Smorodinskaya N. V., Katukov D. D. (2024). Moving towards technological sovereignty: A new global trend and the Russian specifics. Baltic Region, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 108—135. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-6Aggarwal S. N., Aggarwal V. K. (2023). Rethinking the political economy of industrial policy. L’industria, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 583—626.Aggarwal S. N., Aggarwal V. K. (2023). Rethinking the political economy of industrial policy. L’industria, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 583—626.Andreoni A., Chang H. J. (2019). The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Vol. 48, pp. 136—150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007Andreoni A., Chang H. J. (2019). The political economy of industrial policy: Structural interdependencies, policy alignment and conflict management. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Vol. 48, pp. 136—150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.10.007Bala Subrahmanya M. H. (2013). External support, innovation and economic performance: What firm level factors matter for high-tech SMEs? How? International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, article 1350024. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919613500242Bala Subrahmanya M. H. (2013). External support, innovation and economic performance: What firm level factors matter for high-tech SMEs? How? International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 17, No. 5, article 1350024. https://doi.org/10.1142/s1363919613500242Bargoni A., Ferraris A., Vilamová Š., Wan Hussain W. M. H. (2024). Digitalisation and internationalisation in SMEs: A systematic review and research agenda. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 1418—1457. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeim-12-2022-0473Bargoni A., Ferraris A., Vilamová Š., Wan Hussain W. M. H. (2024). Digitalisation and internationalisation in SMEs: A systematic review and research agenda. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 1418—1457. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeim-12-2022-0473Bouwman H., Nikou S., De Reuver M. (2019). Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 43, No. 9, article 101828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101828Bouwman H., Nikou S., De Reuver M. (2019). Digitalization, business models, and SMEs: How do business model innovation practices improve performance of digitalizing SMEs? Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 43, No. 9, article 101828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101828Chang H. J., Amsden A. H. (1994). The political economy of industrial policy. London: Macmillan. Chang H. J., Andreoni A. (2020). Industrial policy in the 21st century. Development and Change, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 324—351. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12570Chang H. J., Amsden A. H. (1994). The political economy of industrial policy. London: Macmillan. Chang H. J., Andreoni A. (2020). Industrial policy in the 21st century. Development and Change, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 324—351. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12570Chege S. M., Wang D. (2020). Information technology innovation and its impact on job creation by SMEs in developing countries: An analysis of the literature review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 256—271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1651263Chege S. M., Wang D. (2020). Information technology innovation and its impact on job creation by SMEs in developing countries: An analysis of the literature review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 256—271. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1651263Chen J., Xie L. (2019). Industrial policy, structural transformation and economic growth: Evidence from China. Frontiers of Business Research in China, Vol. 13, No. 1, 13—18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-019-0065-yChen J., Xie L. (2019). Industrial policy, structural transformation and economic growth: Evidence from China. Frontiers of Business Research in China, Vol. 13, No. 1, 13—18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-019-0065-yCherif R., Hasanov F. (2019). The return of the policy that shall not be named: Principles of industrial policy. IMF Working Paper, No. 2019/074. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498305402.001Cherif R., Hasanov F. (2019). The return of the policy that shall not be named: Principles of industrial policy. IMF Working Paper, No. 2019/074. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498305402.001Cirera X., Maloney W. F. (2017). The innovation paradox: Developing-country capabilities and the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1160-9Cirera X., Maloney W. F. (2017). The innovation paradox: Developing-country capabilities and the unrealized promise of technological catch-up. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1160-9Criscuolo C., Díaz L., Lalanne G., Guillouet L., van de Put C. É., Weder C., Deutsch H. Z. (2023). Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 150. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f2dcc8e-enCriscuolo C., Díaz L., Lalanne G., Guillouet L., van de Put C. É., Weder C., Deutsch H. Z. (2023). Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 150. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f2dcc8e-enCriscuolo C., Gonne N., Kitazawa K., Lalanne G. (2022). Are industrial policy instruments effective? OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 128. https://doi.org/10.1787/57b3dae2-enCriscuolo C., Gonne N., Kitazawa K., Lalanne G. (2022). Are industrial policy instruments effective? OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 128. https://doi.org/10.1787/57b3dae2-enCriscuolo C., Martin R., Overman H. G., Van Reenen J. (2019). Some causal effects of an industrial policy. American Economic Review, Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 48—85. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160034Criscuolo C., Martin R., Overman H. G., Van Reenen J. (2019). Some causal effects of an industrial policy. American Economic Review, Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 48—85. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160034DiPippo G., Mazzocco I., Kennedy S., Goodman M. P. (2022). Red ink: Estimating Chinese industrial policy spending in comparative perspective. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.DiPippo G., Mazzocco I., Kennedy S., Goodman M. P. (2022). Red ink: Estimating Chinese industrial policy spending in comparative perspective. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies.Doh S., Kim B. (2014). Government support for SME innovations in the regional industries: The case of government financial support program in South Korea. Research Policy, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 1557—1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.001Doh S., Kim B. (2014). Government support for SME innovations in the regional industries: The case of government financial support program in South Korea. Research Policy, Vol. 43, No. 9, pp. 1557—1569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.05.001Dvouletý O., Srhoj S., Pantea S. (2021). Public SME grants and firm performance inDvouletý O., Srhoj S., Pantea S. (2021). Public SME grants and firm performance inEuropean Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence. Small Business Economics, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 243—263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00306-xEuropean Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence. Small Business Economics, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 243—263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00306-xEvenett S., Jakubik A., Martнn F., Ruta M. (2024). The return of industrial policy in data. The World Economy, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 2762—2788. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13608Evenett S., Jakubik A., Martнn F., Ruta M. (2024). The return of industrial policy in data. The World Economy, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 2762—2788. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13608Gomez E. T., Cheong K. C., Wong C. Y. (2021). Regime changes, state—business ties and remaining in the middle-income trap: The case of Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 782—802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2021.1933138Gomez E. T., Cheong K. C., Wong C. Y. (2021). Regime changes, state—business ties and remaining in the middle-income trap: The case of Malaysia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 51, No. 5, pp. 782—802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2021.1933138Goldberg P. K., Pavcnik N. (2016). The effects of trade policy. In: K. Bagwell, R. W. Staiger (eds.). Handbook of commercial policy, Vol. 1, Part A. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 161—206. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.002Goldberg P. K., Pavcnik N. (2016). The effects of trade policy. In: K. Bagwell, R. W. Staiger (eds.). Handbook of commercial policy, Vol. 1, Part A. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 161—206. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.002Hartmann D., Zagato L., Gala P., Pinheiro F. L. (2021). Why did some countries catch-up, while others got stuck in the middle? Stages of productive sophistication and smart industrial policies. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Vol. 58, pp. 1—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.007Hartmann D., Zagato L., Gala P., Pinheiro F. L. (2021). Why did some countries catch-up, while others got stuck in the middle? Stages of productive sophistication and smart industrial policies. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Vol. 58, pp. 1—13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.007Hausmann R., Hidalgo C. A., Bustos S., Coscia M., Simoes A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9647.001.0001Hausmann R., Hidalgo C. A., Bustos S., Coscia M., Simoes A. (2014). The atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9647.001.0001Hidalgo C. A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 92—113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-00275-1Hidalgo C. A. (2021). Economic complexity theory and applications. Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 92—113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-020-00275-1Hidalgo C. A. (2023). The policy implications of economic complexity. Research Policy, Vol. 52, No. 9, article 104863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104863Hidalgo C. A. (2023). The policy implications of economic complexity. Research Policy, Vol. 52, No. 9, article 104863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104863Hidalgo C. A., Hausmann R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 26, pp. 10570—10575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900943106Hidalgo C. A., Hausmann R. (2009). The building blocks of economic complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 26, pp. 10570—10575. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900943106IMF, OECD, World Bank, WTO (2022). Subsidies, trade, and international cooperation. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400208355.064IMF, OECD, World Bank, WTO (2022). Subsidies, trade, and international cooperation. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400208355.064Juhász R., Lane N., Oehlsen E., Pérez V. C. (2022). The who, what, when, and how of industrial policy: A text-based approach. Available at SSRN: https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.4198209Juhász R., Lane N., Oehlsen E., Pérez V. C. (2022). The who, what, when, and how of industrial policy: A text-based approach. Available at SSRN: https://doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.4198209Juhász R., Lane N. J., Oehlsen E., Perez V. C. (2025). Measuring industrial policy: A text-based approach. NBER Working Paper, No. w33895. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33895Juhász R., Lane N. J., Oehlsen E., Perez V. C. (2025). Measuring industrial policy: A text-based approach. NBER Working Paper, No. w33895. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33895Juhász R., Lane N., Rodrik D. (2023). The new economics of industrial policy. AnnualJuhász R., Lane N., Rodrik D. (2023). The new economics of industrial policy. AnnualReview of Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 213—242. https://doi.org/10.1146/annureveconomics-081023-024638Review of Economics, Vol. 16, pp. 213—242. https://doi.org/10.1146/annureveconomics-081023-024638Khajehpour B. (2020). Anatomy of the Iranian economy. Swedish Institute of International Affairs Paper, No. 6/2020.Khajehpour B. (2020). Anatomy of the Iranian economy. Swedish Institute of International Affairs Paper, No. 6/2020.Krugman P. (1993). The current case for industrial policy. In: D. Salvatore (ed.).Krugman P. (1993). The current case for industrial policy. In: D. Salvatore (ed.).Protectionism and world welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 160—179. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511521997.008Protectionism and world welfare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 160—179. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511521997.008Lane N. (2020). The new empirics of industrial policy. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 209—234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00323-2Lane N. (2020). The new empirics of industrial policy. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 209—234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00323-2Lauridsen L. S. (2018). New economic globalization, new industrial policy and late development in the 21st century: A critical analytical review. Development Policy Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 329—346. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12299Lauridsen L. S. (2018). New economic globalization, new industrial policy and late development in the 21st century: A critical analytical review. Development Policy Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 329—346. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12299Lin J. Y. (2017). Industrial policy and China’s economic development: From the perspective of new structural economics. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 419—429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-017-0201-zLin J. Y. (2017). Industrial policy and China’s economic development: From the perspective of new structural economics. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 419—429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-017-0201-zMariotti S. (2024). “Win—lose” globalization and the weaponization of economic policies by nation-states. Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 638—659. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-09-2023-0089Mariotti S. (2024). “Win—lose” globalization and the weaponization of economic policies by nation-states. Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 638—659. https://doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-09-2023-0089Martin F. (2024). Which industrial policies target high-end goods? An economic complexity-based approach. Global Trade Alert Zeitgeist Series, No. 33.Martin F. (2024). Which industrial policies target high-end goods? An economic complexity-based approach. Global Trade Alert Zeitgeist Series, No. 33.Mealy P., Coyle D. (2022). To them that hath: Economic complexity and local industrial strategy in the UK. International Tax and Public Finance, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 358—377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-021-09667-0Mealy P., Coyle D. (2022). To them that hath: Economic complexity and local industrial strategy in the UK. International Tax and Public Finance, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 358—377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-021-09667-0Moreno-Brid J. C. (2013). Industrial policy: A missing link in Mexico’s quest for export-led growth. Latin American Policy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 216—237. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12015Moreno-Brid J. C. (2013). Industrial policy: A missing link in Mexico’s quest for export-led growth. Latin American Policy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 216—237. https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12015Pack H., Saggi K. (2006). The case for industrial policy: A critical survey. World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 267—297. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkl001Pack H., Saggi K. (2006). The case for industrial policy: A critical survey. World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 267—297. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkl001Raes S. (2021). Understanding SME heterogeneity. OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, No. 28. https://doi.org/10.1787/c7074049-enRaes S. (2021). Understanding SME heterogeneity. OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, No. 28. https://doi.org/10.1787/c7074049-enRodrik D. (2022). An industrial policy for good jobs. Hamilton Project Policy Proposal, September.Rodrik D. (2022). An industrial policy for good jobs. Hamilton Project Policy Proposal, September.Rotunno L., Ruta M. (2024). Trade spillovers of domestic subsidies. IMF Working Paper, No. 2024/041. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400269486.001Rotunno L., Ruta M. (2024). Trade spillovers of domestic subsidies. IMF Working Paper, No. 2024/041. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400269486.001Samford S. (2022). Decentralization and local industrial policy in Mexico. World Development, Vol. 158, article 105971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105971Samford S. (2022). Decentralization and local industrial policy in Mexico. World Development, Vol. 158, article 105971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105971Tereshchenko E., Happonen A., Porras J., Vaithilingam C. A. (2023). Green growth, waste management, and environmental impact reduction success cases from small and medium enterprises context: A systematic mapping study. IEEE Access, Vol. 11, pp. 56900—56920. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271972Tereshchenko E., Happonen A., Porras J., Vaithilingam C. A. (2023). Green growth, waste management, and environmental impact reduction success cases from small and medium enterprises context: A systematic mapping study. IEEE Access, Vol. 11, pp. 56900—56920. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3271972UNCTAD (2019). International classification of non-tariff measures. New York: United Nations Publications.UNCTAD (2019). International classification of non-tariff measures. New York: United Nations Publications.Veugelers R. (2008). The role of SMEs in innovation in the EU: A case for policy intervention. Review of Business and Economics, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 239—262.Veugelers R. (2008). The role of SMEs in innovation in the EU: A case for policy intervention. Review of Business and Economics, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 239—262.Warwick K. (2013). Beyond industrial policy: Emerging issues and new trends. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4869clw0xp-enWarwick K. (2013). Beyond industrial policy: Emerging issues and new trends. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 2. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4869clw0xp-enWarwick K., Nolan A. (2014). Evaluation of industrial policy: Methodological issues and policy lessons. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 16. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jz181jh0j5k-enWarwick K., Nolan A. (2014). Evaluation of industrial policy: Methodological issues and policy lessons. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 16. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jz181jh0j5k-enWinders B. (2009). The politics of food supply: US agricultural policy in the world economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Winders B. (2009). The politics of food supply: US agricultural policy in the world economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Wonglimpiyarat J. (2015). New economics of innovation: Strategies to support hightech SMEs. Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 186—195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2015.09.006Wonglimpiyarat J. (2015). New economics of innovation: Strategies to support hightech SMEs. Journal of High Technology Management Research, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 186—195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2015.09.006

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.