<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2025-7-143-159</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5421</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИОННЫЙ КЛУБ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DEBATING SOCIETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новые приключения олигополистов в России: о совместимости экономической теории и права в антитрасте</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New adventures of oligopolist companies in Russia: On the compatibility of economic theory and law in antitrust</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-069X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаститко</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shastitko</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаститко Андрей Евгеньевич, д. э. н., проф., завкафедрой конкурентной и промышленной политики экономического факультета (ЭФ); директор Центра исследований конкуренции и экономического регулирования </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey E. Shastitko </p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aeshastitko@econ.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-6836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионкина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionkina</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ионкина Карина Александровна, н. с. Центра исследований конкуренции и экономического регулирования ; н. с. кафедры конкурентной и промышленной политики ЭФ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina A. Ionkina </p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ionkinaka@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова ; Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University ; Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5421">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5421</self-uri><abstract><p>На основании обзора литературы и краткого ретроспективного анализа антимонопольных дел в отношении компаний, коллективно доминирующих на российских товарных рынках, предложено экономическое объяснение сформулированной в «Обзоре судебной практики, связанной с привлечением к административной ответственности за нарушения антимонопольного законодательства» позиции Президиума Верховного Суда РФ в отношении применения нормы о коллективном доминировании. Представлены аргументы для вывода о восстановлении принципа взаимодополняемости, совместимости экономической теории и права, теории олигополии и концепции коллективного доминирования. С использованием концепции мезоинститутов объясняется значение предложенного Верховным Судом РФ подхода к применению нормы о коллективном доминировании. Раскрыты потенциальные вызовы и возможности для различных групп интересов в свете ожидаемых институциональных изменений, не связанных с изменением релевантных норм российского антимонопольного законодательства.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>We offer an economic explanation of the position of the Presidium of the Russian Supreme Court regarding the application of the norm on collective dominance which was formulated in the “Review of judicial practice related to bringing to administrative responsibility for violations of antimonopoly legislation”. Our results are based on a literature review and a brief retrospective analysis of antimonopoly cases concerning collectively dominant companies. This paper provides arguments for the conclusion on the restoration of the principle of complementarity, compatibility of economic theory and law, the theory of oligopoly and the concept of collective dominance. The significance of the approach proposed by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to the application of the norm on collective dominance is explained using the concept of meso-institutions. We have uncovered potential challenges and opportunities for various interest groups in the light of expected significant institutional changes which are not related with changes in the relevant norms of the Russian legislation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Верховный Суд РФ</kwd><kwd>коллективное доминирование</kwd><kwd>конкуренция</kwd><kwd>экономическое регулирование</kwd><kwd>мезоинституты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Supreme Court of the Russian Federation</kwd><kwd>collective dominance</kwd><kwd>competition</kwd><kwd>economic regulation</kwd><kwd>meso-institutions</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках государственного задания РАНХиГС. Авторы благодарят анонимных рецензентов за полезные замечания, а также А. Н. Морозова и С. И. Федорова за участие в совместном изучении российской и зарубежной практики применения концепции коллективного доминирования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева С. (2011). Незаконность молчаливого сговора в российском антимонопольном законодательстве: могут ли экономисты быть полезны при выработке юридических норм? // Вопросы экономики. № 5. С. 87—102. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-5-87-102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. (2011). Illegality of tacit collusion in Russian antitrust legislation: Could economists be useful to generate legal rules? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 5, pp. 87—102. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-5-87-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева C. Б. (2024). Задачи и возможности конкурентной политики в России в условиях деглобализации // Современная конкуренция. Т. 18, № 1. С. 6—28. https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2024-18-1-6-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. B. (2024). Targets and prospects of the Russian competition policy under deglobalization. Sovremennaya Konkurentsiya, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 6—28. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2024-18-1-6-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева С., Шаститко А. (2005). Модернизация антимонопольной политики в России (экономический анализ предлагаемых изменений конкурентного законодательства) // Вопросы экономики. № 5. С. 100—116. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-100-116</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S., Shastitko A. (2005). Modernization of antimonopoly policy in Russia (economic analysis of proposed changes in the competition law). Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 5, pp. 100—116. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-100-116</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Башлаков-Николаев И. В., Максимов С. В. (2020). Коллективное доминирование: возможно ли индивидуальное злоупотребление доминирующим положением «коллектива» доминантов // Конкурентное право. №. 2. С. 13—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bashlakov‑Nikolaev I. V., Maksimov S. V. (2020). Collective domination: Is individual abuse of the dominating position of a group of dominants possible? Konkurentnoe Pravo, No. 2, pp. 13—17. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Беккер Г. (2000). Преступление и наказание: экономический подход // Истоки. Вып. 4. М.: ГУ-ВШЭ. С. 28—90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Becker G. (2000). Crime and punishment: An economic approach. Istoki, Iss. 4. Moscow: HSE Publ., pp. 28—90. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горейко Н. А. (2011). Норма о коллективном доминировании в российской антимонопольной практике // Современная конкуренция. № 6. С. 33—49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goreiko N. A. (2011). The collective dominance in Russian antitrust practice. Sovremennaya Konkurentsiya, No. 6, pp. 33—49. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркова О. А., Ставнийчук А. Ю. (2024). Изменение антимонопольного регулирования и слияния в России: манипулирование ценой сделки и необходимость дополнительного надзора // Вопросы экономики. № 10. С. 94—109. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-10-94-109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markova O. A., Stavniychuk A. Y. (2024). Changes in antitrust regulation and merger activity in Russia: Price manipulations and need for additional antitrust scrutiny. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 10, pp. 94—109. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-10-94-109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маркова О. А., Ставнийчук А. Ю., Ионкина К. А. (2025). Распределение ресурсов на основе динамического ценообразования: в чем сила? // Научные исследования экономического факультета. Электронный журнал. Т. 17, № 1. С. 79—97. https://doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2024-17-1-79-97</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Markova O. A., Stavniychuk A. Y., Ionkina K. A. (2025). Resource allocation based on dynamic pricing: What is its source of power? Nauchnye Issledovaniya Ekonomicheskogo Fakulteta, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 79—97. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.38050/2078-3809-2024-17-1-79-97</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морозов А. Н. (2022). Влияние антитраста на инновационное развитие при различных уровнях защиты интеллектуальной собственности // Вопросы экономики. № 9. С. 93—108. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-9-93-108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozov A. N. (2022). Effect of antitrust on innovative development with a different degree of intellectual property protection. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 9, pp. 93—108. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-9-93-108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овсянников Т. А. (2020). Признаки коллективного доминирования в законе «О защите конкуренции» помогают принимать правильные решения судьям арбитражных судов? // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 6: Экономика. № 5. С. 102—119. https://doi.org/10.38050/01300105202055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ovsyannikov T. A. (2020). Are the signs of collective dominance in the law “On protection of competition” helpful for arbitration judges in taking right decisions? Moscow University Economics Bulletin, No. 5, pp. 102—119. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.38050/01300105202055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлова Н. С., Шаститко А. Е. (2024) Микрооснования доминирования фундаментализма в экономической политике: есть ли антидот? // Вопросы экономики. № 1. С. 94—114. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-1-94-114</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlova N. S., Shastitko A. E. (2024). Microfoundations of dominance of fundamentalism in economic policy: Is there an antidote? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 1, pp. 94—114. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2024-1-94-114</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2004). Государственная политика в отношении соглашений и согласованных действий, ограничивающих конкуренцию (экономический подход). М.: Теис.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2004). State policy regarding agreements and concerted actions that restrict competition (economic approach). Moscow: Teis. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2011a). Коллективное доминирование на рынке: экономика и право. М.: МАКС Пресс.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2011a). Law and economics of collective dominance on markets. Moscow: MAKS Press. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2011b). Экономико-правовые аспекты коллективного доминирования // Экономическая политика. №. 3. С. 167—190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2011b). Economic and legal aspects of collective dominance. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, No. 3, pp. 167—190. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2013). Экономические эффекты ошибок в правоприменении и правоустановлении. М.: Дело.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2013). The economic effects of errors in rights establishment and enforcement. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2019). Мезоинституты: умножение сущностей или развитие программы экономических исследований? // Вопросы экономики. № 5. С. 5—25. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-5-5-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2019). Meso-institutions: Proliferating essences or evolving economic research programme? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 5, pp. 5—25. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2019-5-5-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2024). Новая институциональная экономическая теория. Пятое изд. М.: МАКС Пресс.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2024). New institutional economics. 5th ed. Moscow: MAKS Press. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. E., Ионкина К. А. (2021). Химера отечественного антитраста: институт коллективного доминирования в России // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 68—88. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-7-68-88</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Ionkina K. A. (2021). Chimera of domestic antitrust: Institution of collective dominance in Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 68—88. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-7-68-88</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Ионкина К. А. (2023). Институциональный ответ на технологические изменения в сфере телекоммуникаций // Вопросы экономики. № 5. С. 50—67. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-5-50-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Ionkina K. A. (2023). Institutional response to technological changes in telecommunications. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 5, pp. 50—67. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-5-50-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Ионкина К. А., Павлова Н. С. (2021). Индивидуальное злоупотребление коллективным доминированием в сфере сотовой связи // Современная конкуренция. Т. 15, № 3. С. 50—70. https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-3-50-70</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Ionkina K. A., Pavlova N. S. (2021). Individual abuse of collective dominance in cellular communications: Problems of identification. Sovremennaya Konkurentsiya, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 50—70. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-3-50-70</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Курдин А. А., Филиппова И. Н. (2023). Мезоинституты для цифровых экосистем // Вопросы экономики. № 2. С. 61—82. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-2-61-82</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Kurdin A. A., Filippova I. N. (2023). Meso-institutions for digital ecosystems. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 2, pp. 61—82. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-2-61-82</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Павлова Н. С. (2021). Антиконкурентные последствия антимонопольной политики: кейс мобильных операторов // Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления. № 2. С. 7—33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Pavlova N. S. (2021). Anticompetitive consequences of antitrust policy: The case of mobile operators. Voprosy Gosudarstvennogo i Municipalnogo Upravleniya, No. 2, pp. 7—33. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Павлова Н. С. (2022). Коузианство против пигувианства: идеи, ценности, перспективы // Вопросы экономики. № 1. С. 23—46. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Pavlova N. S. (2022). Pigouvian vs. Coasian approach: Ideas, values, perspectives. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 1, pp. 23—46. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юсупова Г., Киселева О. (2015). Был ли молчаливый сговор? (Еще раз о монопольно высоких ценах российских нефтяных компаний) // Экономическая политика. Т. 10, № 4. С. 178—195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusupova G., Kiseleva O. (2015). Was there a collusion? (Once again on the monopolistically high prices of Russian oil companies). Ekonomicheskaya Politika, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 178—195. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdasheva S., Kryuchkova P. (2015). The ‘reactive’ model of antitrust enforcement: When private interests dictate enforcement actions — The Russian case. International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 43, pp. 200—208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S., Kryuchkova P. (2015). The ‘reactive’ model of antitrust enforcement: When private interests dictate enforcement actions — The Russian case. International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 43, pp. 200—208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2014.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdasheva S., Goreyko N., Pittman R. W. (2011). Abuse of collective dominance under the competition law of the Russian Federation. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1933942</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S., Goreyko N., Pittman R. W. (2011). Abuse of collective dominance under the competition law of the Russian Federation. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1933942</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beckner C. F., Salop S. C. (1999). Decision theory and antitrust rules. Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 41—76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beckner C. F., Salop S. C. (1999). Decision theory and antitrust rules. Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 41—76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry S. T. (1992). Estimation of a model of entry in the airline industry. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 889—917. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951571</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry S. T. (1992). Estimation of a model of entry in the airline industry. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 889—917. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951571</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry S. T., Haile P. A. (2021). Foundations of demand estimation. In: K. Ho, A. Hortacsu, A. Lizzeri (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1—62. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesind.2021.11.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry S. T., Haile P. A. (2021). Foundations of demand estimation. In: K. Ho, A. Hortacsu, A. Lizzeri (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1—62. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.hesind.2021.11.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry S., Levinsohn J., Pakes A. (1995). Automobile prices in market equilibrium. Econometrica, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 841—890. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171802</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry S., Levinsohn J., Pakes A. (1995). Automobile prices in market equilibrium. Econometrica, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 841—890. https://doi.org/10.2307/2171802</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry S., Reiss P. (2007). Empirical models of entry and market structure. In: M. Armstrong, R. Porter (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1845—1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(06)03029-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry S., Reiss P. (2007). Empirical models of entry and market structure. In: M. Armstrong, R. Porter (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 3. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1845—1886. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(06)03029-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bresnahan T. F. (1989). Empirical studies of industries with market power. In: R. Schmalensee, R. Willig (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1011—1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)02005-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bresnahan T. F. (1989). Empirical studies of industries with market power. In: R. Schmalensee, R. Willig (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 1011—1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)02005-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bresnahan T. F., Reiss P. C. (1991). Entry and competition in concentrated markets. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 5, pp. 977—1009. https://doi.org/10.1086/261786</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bresnahan T. F., Reiss P. C. (1991). Entry and competition in concentrated markets. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 5, pp. 977—1009. https://doi.org/10.1086/261786</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dixit A. (1982). Recent developments in oligopoly theory. American Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 12—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dixit A. (1982). Recent developments in oligopoly theory. American Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 12—17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsoulacos Y. (2022). Why legal standards in antitrust enforcement in developing jurisdictions should differ from those in mature jurisdictions: A decision-theoretic approach. BRICS Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 63—76. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e81036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsoulacos Y. (2022). Why legal standards in antitrust enforcement in developing jurisdictions should differ from those in mature jurisdictions: A decision-theoretic approach. BRICS Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 63—76. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e81036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsoulacos Y., Ulph D. (2023). Choosing legal rules or standards in antitrust enforcement: A proposal for extending and facilitating the use of the decision-theoretic approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 1876—1894. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3787</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsoulacos Y., Ulph D. (2023). Choosing legal rules or standards in antitrust enforcement: A proposal for extending and facilitating the use of the decision-theoretic approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 1876—1894. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3787</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ménard С. (2014). Embedding organizational arrangements: Towards a general model. Journal of Institutional Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 567—589. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137414000228</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ménard С. (2014). Embedding organizational arrangements: Towards a general model. Journal of Institutional Economics, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 567—589. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137414000228</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ménard С. (2017). Meso-institutions: The variety of regulatory arrangements in the water sector. Utilities Policy, Vol. 49, pp. 6—19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ménard С. (2017). Meso-institutions: The variety of regulatory arrangements in the water sector. Utilities Policy, Vol. 49, pp. 6—19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ménard C., Jimenez A., Tropp H. (2018). Addressing the policy-implementation gaps in water services: The key role of meso-institutions. Water International, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 13—33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1405696</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ménard C., Jimenez A., Tropp H. (2018). Addressing the policy-implementation gaps in water services: The key role of meso-institutions. Water International, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 13—33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2017.1405696</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ménard C., Shabalov I., Shastitko A. (2021). Institutions to the rescue: Untangling industrial fragmentation, institutional misalignment, and political constraints in the Russian gas pipeline industry. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, Vol. 80, article 102223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102223</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ménard C., Shabalov I., Shastitko A. (2021). Institutions to the rescue: Untangling industrial fragmentation, institutional misalignment, and political constraints in the Russian gas pipeline industry. Energy Research &amp; Social Science, Vol. 80, article 102223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102223</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nevo A. (2001). Measuring market power in the ready-to-eat cereal industry. Econometrica, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 307—342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00194</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nevo A. (2001). Measuring market power in the ready-to-eat cereal industry. Econometrica, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 307—342. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00194</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schnaider P. S. B., Ménard C., Saes M. S. M. (2018). Heterogeneity of plural forms: A revised transaction cost approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 652—663. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2935</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schnaider P. S. B., Ménard C., Saes M. S. M. (2018). Heterogeneity of plural forms: A revised transaction cost approach. Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 39, No. 6, pp. 652—663. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.2935</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapiro C. (1989). Theories of oligopoly behavior. In: R. Schmalensee, R. Willig (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 329—414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01009-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapiro C. (1989). Theories of oligopoly behavior. In: R. Schmalensee, R. Willig (eds.). Handbook of industrial organization, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 329—414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01009-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shastitko A. (2011). Collective dominance through the lens of comparative antitrust. CPI Antitrust Chronicle, July, No. 2, pp. 1—12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. (2011). Collective dominance through the lens of comparative antitrust. CPI Antitrust Chronicle, July, No. 2, pp. 1—12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shastitko A. E., Markova O. A., Morozov A. N. (2024). Antitrust risks of platform pricing. Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 151—167. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.10.117650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Markova O. A., Morozov A. N. (2024). Antitrust risks of platform pricing. Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 151—167. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.10.117650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stigler G. J. (1964). A theory of oligopoly. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 44—61. https://doi.org/10.1086/258853</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stigler G. J. (1964). A theory of oligopoly. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 44—61. https://doi.org/10.1086/258853</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
