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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2025-10-5-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5342</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности реагирования зарубежных стран на масштабные санкции: есть ли уроки для изучения?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of countries’ response to large-scale sanctions: Are there lessons to be learned?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2971-6718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузык</surname><given-names>М. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzyk</surname><given-names>M. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузык Михаил Георгиевич, к. э. н., вед. н. с. Центра исследований структурной политики</p><p>Москва</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail G. Kuzyk</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mkuzyk@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3015-3668</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симачев</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Simachev</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Симачев Юрий Вячеславович, к. т. н., директор Центра исследований структурной политики</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yury V. Simachev </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yusimachev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5342">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5342</self-uri><abstract><p>Проанализирована экономическая политика Ирана, КНДР и Венесуэлы, проводимая в условиях масштабных внешних санкций и направленная как на минимизацию наносимого ими ущерба, так и на обеспечение долгосрочного развития национальных экономик. Опыт реагирования на санкции позволяет выделить ряд закономерностей и извлечь некоторые уроки. В частности, получившее широкое распространение в подсанкционных странах «переключение» торговых, научно-технологических и других связей на страны, не присоединившиеся к санкциям, может отчасти компенсировать их негативное воздействие, однако нередко приводит к чрезмерной зависимости от новых партнеров. Масштабный сырьевой и энергетический экспорт играет в условиях санкций неоднозначную роль. С одной стороны, он выступает очевидным объектом для внешнего санкционного давления, а зависимость национальных экономик от экспортных доходов делает их уязвимыми для соответствующих санкций. С другой стороны, стабильный спрос многих игроков на сырье и энергоресурсы обусловливает эффективность различных способов обхода санкций и развития альтернативных каналов поставок, пусть нередко более сложных и затратных. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the economic policies of several countries — Iran, DPRK, Venezuela — implemented under large-scale external sanctions and aimed at both minimizing the damage caused by them and ensuring long-term economic development. The reviewed practices of responding to sanctions allow us to identify a number of regularities and formulate some lessons. In particular, the widely practiced “switching” of trade, technological and other linkages to countries that have not joined the sanctions allows to partially offset their negative impact, but often entails a dramatic increase in dependence on new partners. Large volumes of fuel and raw materials exports play an ambiguous role under sanctions. On the one hand, such exports are obvious targets for external restrictions, and dependence on them makes countries more vulnerable to sanctions pressure. On the other hand, stable demand for energy resources and raw materials from a large number of players makes it possible to use various ways to bypass sanctions and develop alternative supply channels, although they are often complicated and costly. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экономическая политика</kwd><kwd>санкции</kwd><kwd>экономический рост</kwd><kwd>внешняя торговля</kwd><kwd>иностранные инвестиции</kwd><kwd>импортозамещение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic policy</kwd><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>economic growth</kwd><kwd>foreign trade</kwd><kwd>foreign investment</kwd><kwd>import substitution</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афонцев С. 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