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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2025-4-34-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5310</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ РЫНКОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Искусственный интеллект против картелей: чего (не) ждать?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Artificial intelligence against collusion: What (not) to expect?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0896-9217</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдашева</surname><given-names>С. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdasheva</surname><given-names>S. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авдашева Светлана Борисовна, д. э. н., проф., руководитель департамента прикладной экономики факультета экономических наук, замдиректора Института анализа предприятий и рынков (ИАПР)</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana B. Avdasheva</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">avdash@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9387-9373</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнеева</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneeva</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Корнеева Дина Владиславовна, к. э. н., с.  н.  с. ИАПР</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dina V. Korneeva</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dkorneeva@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1322-0793</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсупова</surname><given-names>Г. Ф.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusupova</surname><given-names>G. F.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юсупова Гюзель Фатеховна, к. э. н., с. н. с. ИАПР</p><p>Москва </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gyuzel F. Yusupova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">GYusupova@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5310">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5310</self-uri><abstract><p>В настоящее время в России создается информационная система, предназначенная для раскрытия картельных соглашений, в первую очередь на торгах, алгоритмизированными методами, называемыми искусственным интеллектом (ИИ). Рассмотрены возможности и ограничения использования ИИ для идентификации закупок, участники которых заключают незаконные соглашения. Охарактеризована доказательная база в делах об ограничивающих конкуренцию соглашениях на торгах в решениях ФАС России, которые были предметом судебного оспаривания в 2015—2018 гг. Обобщены результаты разработки алгоритмов, предсказывающих наличие картеля или его отсутствие в зависимости от набора параметров с учетом ex-post данных об обнаруженных картелях как в России, так и за рубежом. Обосновано три вывода. Первый: ни один алгоритм или система алгоритмов в настоящее время не обеспечивают достаточный уровень надежности. Второй: гипотетическая обучающая выборка ИИ для идентификации картелей в государственных закупках России смещена в сторону их конкретного способа (электронный аукцион) и не поможет выявить картели в закупках, проводимых иначе. Третий: признаки картелей в российских закупках во многом являются результатом изъянов используемых процедур.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An information system designed to detect collusion, primarily at auctions, using algorithmic methods called artificial intelligence (AI) is currently being created in Russia. The article is devoted to the possibilities and limitations of using AI to identify public procurement where participants engage in illegal agreements. It describes the evidence used in cases of bid rigging cartels in the court decisions regarding claims to annul decisions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation during 2015—2018. The article summarizes the results of the development of algorithms predicting collusion, depending on a certain set of parameters based on ex-post data on detected cartels both in Russia and abroad. Three conclusions are justified. First, no algorithm or system of algorithms currently provides a sufficient level of reliability. Second, the hypothetical AI training sample for identifying collusion in Russian public procurement is biased towards a specific procurement method (electronic auction) and therefore does not help predicting collusion in purchases conducted in another way. Third, the signs of cartels in Russian public procurement are largely the result of flaws in the procedures used.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антимонопольная политика</kwd><kwd>картель</kwd><kwd>государственные закупки</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antitrust policy</kwd><kwd>collusion</kwd><kwd>public procurement</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта Центра фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. 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