<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2025-1-44-70</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-5117</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА ТРУДА И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LABOR AND SOCIAL ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мигранты на рынке труда Москвы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Migrants in the Moscow labor market</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-4563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Варшавская</surname><given-names>Е. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Varshavskaya</surname><given-names>E. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Варшавская Елена Яковлевна, д.  э.  н., проф. департамента организационного поведения и управления человеческими ресурсами Высшей школы бизнеса,</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Y. Varshavskaya,</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evarshavskaya@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7983-5323</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Денисенко Михаил Борисович, к.  э.  н., директор Института демографии им. А. Г. Вишневского,</p><p>Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail B. Denisenko,</p><p>Moscow.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdenissenko@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5117">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5117</self-uri><abstract><p>Представлена комплексная характеристика трудовой миграции в Москве, включающая все виды пространственной мобильности, значимые для столичного рынка труда. В фокусе исследования находятся как международные, так и внутренние мигранты, включая маятниковых. Использованы микроданные Обследования рабочей силы Росстата, данные ведомственной статистики Министерства внутренних дел, результаты опроса международных мигрантов, работающих в Москве. Оценены масштабы и динамика трудовой миграции, дана сравнительная характеристика социальнодемографических и экономических особенностей москвичей и различных групп мигрантов, определены профессионально-отраслевые ниши труда мигрантов, оценено влияние миграции на рынок труда Москвы. Временные трудовые мигранты составляют значимую часть рынка труда Москвы: на их долю приходится, как минимум, четверть всех работающих в столице. Показано, что трудовые мигранты компенсируют убывающие по численности группы москвичей — молодежь и население с невысоким уровнем образования. Впервые на российских данных выполнены расчеты индексов селективности. Анализ показал, что мигранты сконцентрированы в ограниченном отраслевом и профессиональном сегменте, что свидетельствует о формировании мигрантских ниш занятости. Обосновано, что мигранты заполняют разрыв в спросе на труд невысокой квалификации и в его предложении со стороны высокообразованной московской рабочей силы. Как следствие, сокращается дефицит рабочей силы, особенно в секторах, которые не привлекательны для москвичей. С точки зрения мест приложения труда (отрасль и профессия) мигранты и москвичи не конкурируют, а дополняют друг друга.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of labor migration in Moscow, including all types of spatial mobility that are significant for the capital’s labor market. The research focuses on both international and internal migrants, including commuting labor migrants. The information base includes microdata from the Labor Force Survey by Rosstat, statistics of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation, and the results of the survey of international migrants working in Moscow. Assessment of the scale and dynamics of labor migration is made, a comparative characteristic of the socio-demographic and economic peculiarities of Muscovites and various groups of migrants is given, professional and sectoral niches of migrant labor are identified, the impact of migration on the labor market of Moscow is assessed. Temporary labor migrants represent a significant part of the Moscow labor market: they account for at least a quarter of all workers in the capital. It is shown that labor migrants compensate for the decreasing groups of Muscovites — young people and the population with a low level of education. For the first time, calculations of selectivity indices are performed on Russian data. The analysis shows that migrants are concentrated in a limited industrial and professional segment, which indicates the formation of migrant employment niches. It is proved that migrants fill the gap in the demand for low-skilled labor and its supply from the highly educated Moscow labor force. As a result, the shortage of labor is decreasing, especially in the sectors that are not attractive to Muscovites. From the perspective of places of employment (industry and profession), migrants and Muscovites are not competitors but complement each other.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>трудовая миграция</kwd><kwd>международная миграция</kwd><kwd>внутренняя миграция</kwd><kwd>вахтовая работа</kwd><kwd>маятниковая миграция</kwd><kwd>рынок труда</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>labor migration</kwd><kwd>international migration</kwd><kwd>internal migration</kwd><kwd>long-distance commuting</kwd><kwd>commuting labor migration</kwd><kwd>labor market</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках гранта, предоставленного Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (№ соглашения о предоставлении гранта: 075-15-2022-325).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant ID: 075-15-2022-325).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Варшавская Е. Я., Денисенко М. Б. (2019). Квалификационная мобильность мигрантов в России // Вопросы экономики. № 11. С. 63—80. [Varshavskaya E. Y., Denisenko M. B. (2019). Immigrant occupational mobility in Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 11, pp. 63—80. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.32609/00428736-2019-11-63-80</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Варшавская Е. Я., Денисенко М. Б. (2019). Квалификационная мобильность мигрантов в России // Вопросы экономики. № 11. С. 63—80. [Varshavskaya E. Y., Denisenko M. B. (2019). Immigrant occupational mobility in Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 11, pp. 63—80. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.32609/00428736-2019-11-63-80</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воробьева О. Д., Гребенюк А. А., Топилин А. В. (2013). Методологические подходы к организации обследования труда мигрантов в России // Вопросы статистики. № 10. С. 14—23. [Vorobieva O. D., Grebenyuk A. A., Topilin A. V. (2013). Methodological approaches to organizing a survey of migrant labor in Russia. Voprosy Statistiki, No. 10, pp. 14—23. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Воробьева О. Д., Гребенюк А. А., Топилин А. В. (2013). Методологические подходы к организации обследования труда мигрантов в России // Вопросы статистики. № 10. С. 14—23. [Vorobieva O. D., Grebenyuk A. A., Topilin A. V. (2013). Methodological approaches to organizing a survey of migrant labor in Russia. Voprosy Statistiki, No. 10, pp. 14—23. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гимпельсон В., Капелюшников Р. (2015). «Поляризация» или «улучшение»? Эволюция структуры рабочих мест в России в 2000-е годы // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 87—119. [Gimpelson V., Kapeliushnikov R. (2015). Polarization or upgrading? Evolution of employment in transitional Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 87—119. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-787-119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гимпельсон В., Капелюшников Р. (2015). «Поляризация» или «улучшение»? Эволюция структуры рабочих мест в России в 2000-е годы // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 87—119. [Gimpelson V., Kapeliushnikov R. (2015). Polarization or upgrading? Evolution of employment in transitional Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 87—119. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-787-119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горшкова Е. В. (2012). Регулируемая трудовая миграция в г. Москве в условиях дефицита рабочих кадров // Вопросы структуризации экономики. № 3. С. 121—123. [Gorshkova E. V. (2012). Regulated labor migration in Moscow in conditions of labor shortage. Voprosy Strukturizatsii Ekonomiki, No. 3, pp. 121—123. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Горшкова Е. В. (2012). Регулируемая трудовая миграция в г. Москве в условиях дефицита рабочих кадров // Вопросы структуризации экономики. № 3. С. 121—123. [Gorshkova E. V. (2012). Regulated labor migration in Moscow in conditions of labor shortage. Voprosy Strukturizatsii Ekonomiki, No. 3, pp. 121—123. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисенко М. Б., Степанова А. В. (2013). Динамика численности населения Москвы за 140 лет // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6. Экономика. № 3. С. 88—96. [Denisenko M. B., Stepanova A. V. (2013). Population dynamics in Moscow over the past 140 years. Moscow University Economics Bulletin, No. 3, pp. 88—96. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Денисенко М. Б., Степанова А. В. (2013). Динамика численности населения Москвы за 140 лет // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6. Экономика. № 3. С. 88—96. [Denisenko M. B., Stepanova A. V. (2013). Population dynamics in Moscow over the past 140 years. Moscow University Economics Bulletin, No. 3, pp. 88—96. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жидкевич Н. Н. (2016). Социальный портрет российского отходника // Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. Т. 19, № 1. С. 73—89. [Zhidkevich N. N. (2016). Domestic temporary labor migrants in Russia: A social portrait. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 73—89. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Жидкевич Н. Н. (2016). Социальный портрет российского отходника // Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии. Т. 19, № 1. С. 73—89. [Zhidkevich N. N. (2016). Domestic temporary labor migrants in Russia: A social portrait. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 73—89. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Заславская Т. И., Иванов Р. К. (1969). Методика выборочного обследования миграции сельского населения. Новосибирск: Наука. [Zaslavskaya T. I., Ivanov R. K. (1969). Methodology of a sample survey of rural migration. Novosibirsk: Nauka. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Заславская Т. И., Иванов Р. К. (1969). Методика выборочного обследования миграции сельского населения. Новосибирск: Наука. [Zaslavskaya T. I., Ivanov R. K. (1969). Methodology of a sample survey of rural migration. Novosibirsk: Nauka. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карачурина Л. Б. (2005). Мигранты и рынки труда крупных российских городов: согласование взаимных интересов // Демоскоп Weekly. № 223—224. [Karachurina L. B. (2005). Migrants and labor markets of large Russian cities: Reconciling mutual interests. Demoscope Weekly, No. 223—224. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Карачурина Л. Б. (2005). Мигранты и рынки труда крупных российских городов: согласование взаимных интересов // Демоскоп Weekly. № 223—224. [Karachurina L. B. (2005). Migrants and labor markets of large Russian cities: Reconciling mutual interests. Demoscope Weekly, No. 223—224. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махрова А. Г., Бабкин Р. А., Кириллов П. Л. (2024). Пространственно-временные особенности маятниковых миграций в Московском регионе // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. С. 249—256. [Makhrova A. G., Babkin R. A., Kirillov P. L. (2024). Spatiotemporal commuting patterns in Moscow region. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 2, pp. 249—256. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2024_2_249-256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Махрова А. Г., Бабкин Р. А., Кириллов П. Л. (2024). Пространственно-временные особенности маятниковых миграций в Московском регионе // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. С. 249—256. [Makhrova A. G., Babkin R. A., Kirillov P. L. (2024). Spatiotemporal commuting patterns in Moscow region. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 2, pp. 249—256. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2024_2_249-256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Махрова А. Г., Кириллов П. Л. (2015). Сезонная пульсация расселения в Московской агломерации под влиянием дачной и трудовой маятниковой миграции: подходы к изучению и оценка // Региональные исследования. № 1. С. 117—125. [Makhrova A. G., Kirillov P. L. (2015). Seasonal fluctuations in population distribution within Moscow metropolitan area under travelling to second homes and labour commuting: Approaches and estimations. Regional Studies, No. 1, pp. 117—125. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Махрова А. Г., Кириллов П. Л. (2015). Сезонная пульсация расселения в Московской агломерации под влиянием дачной и трудовой маятниковой миграции: подходы к изучению и оценка // Региональные исследования. № 1. С. 117—125. [Makhrova A. G., Kirillov P. L. (2015). Seasonal fluctuations in population distribution within Moscow metropolitan area under travelling to second homes and labour commuting: Approaches and estimations. Regional Studies, No. 1, pp. 117—125. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртчян Н. В. (2015). Миграция в Москве и Московской области: региональные и структурные особенности // Региональные исследования. № 3. C. 107—115. [Mkrtchyan N. V. (2015). Migration in Moscow and Moscow region: Regional and structural peculiarities. Regional Studies, No. 3, pp. 107—115. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мкртчян Н. В. (2015). Миграция в Москве и Московской области: региональные и структурные особенности // Региональные исследования. № 3. C. 107—115. [Mkrtchyan N. V. (2015). Migration in Moscow and Moscow region: Regional and structural peculiarities. Regional Studies, No. 3, pp. 107—115. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртчян Н. В. (2019). Роль Московского столичного региона как крупнейшего центра внутрироссийской миграции // Научные труды: Институт народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН. № 17. С. 252—268. [Mkrtchyan N. V. (2019). The role of the Moscow metropolitan region as the largest center of intra-Russian migration. Scientific Proceedings: Institute of Economic Forecasting RAS, No. 17, pp. 252—268. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.29003/m820.sp_ief_ras2019/252-268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мкртчян Н. В. (2019). Роль Московского столичного региона как крупнейшего центра внутрироссийской миграции // Научные труды: Институт народнохозяйственного прогнозирования РАН. № 17. С. 252—268. [Mkrtchyan N. V. (2019). The role of the Moscow metropolitan region as the largest center of intra-Russian migration. Scientific Proceedings: Institute of Economic Forecasting RAS, No. 17, pp. 252—268. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.29003/m820.sp_ief_ras2019/252-268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртчян Н. В., Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2018). Трудовая миграция в России: международный и внутренний аспекты // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 1. С. 186—193. [Mkrtchyan N. V., Florinskaya Y. F. (2018). Labor migration in Russia: International and internal aspects. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 1, pp. 186—193. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2018-37-1-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мкртчян Н. В., Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2018). Трудовая миграция в России: международный и внутренний аспекты // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 1. С. 186—193. [Mkrtchyan N. V., Florinskaya Y. F. (2018). Labor migration in Russia: International and internal aspects. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 1, pp. 186—193. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2018-37-1-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мкртчян Н. В., Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2019). Жители малых и средних городов России: трудовая миграция как альтернатива безвозвратному отъезду // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 3. С. 78—95. [Mkrtchyan N. V., Florinskaya Y. F. (2019). Residents of small and mid-size towns of Russia: Labor migration as an alternative to permanent transfer. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 3, pp. 78—95. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264-2019-43-3-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мкртчян Н. В., Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2019). Жители малых и средних городов России: трудовая миграция как альтернатива безвозвратному отъезду // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 3. С. 78—95. [Mkrtchyan N. V., Florinskaya Y. F. (2019). Residents of small and mid-size towns of Russia: Labor migration as an alternative to permanent transfer. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 3, pp. 78—95. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264-2019-43-3-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мукомель В. И. (2020). Высококвалифицированные мигранты из постсоветских государств: трудовая мобильность // Социологический журнал. Т. 26, № 2. С. 31—59. [Mukomel V. I. (2020). Highly skilled migrants from post-Soviet states: Labor mobility. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 31—59. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.2.7264</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Мукомель В. И. (2020). Высококвалифицированные мигранты из постсоветских государств: трудовая мобильность // Социологический журнал. Т. 26, № 2. С. 31—59. [Mukomel V. I. (2020). Highly skilled migrants from post-Soviet states: Labor mobility. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 31—59. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2020.26.2.7264</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Плюснин Ю. М. (2019). Российское отходничество: вехи многовековой истории // ЭКО. № 11. C. 94—115. [Plyusnin Y. M. (2019). Russian otkhodnichestvo: Milestones of a centuries-old history. ECO, No. 11, pp. 94—115. (In Russian).]. https://doi.org/10.30680/ECO0131-7652-2019-11-94-115</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Плюснин Ю. М. (2019). Российское отходничество: вехи многовековой истории // ЭКО. № 11. C. 94—115. [Plyusnin Y. M. (2019). Russian otkhodnichestvo: Milestones of a centuries-old history. ECO, No. 11, pp. 94—115. (In Russian).]. https://doi.org/10.30680/ECO0131-7652-2019-11-94-115</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыбаковский Л. Л. (1987). Миграция населения: прогнозы, факторы, политика. М.: Наука. [Rybakovsky L. L. (1987). Population migration: Forecasts, factors, policies . Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Рыбаковский Л. Л. (1987). Миграция населения: прогнозы, факторы, политика. М.: Наука. [Rybakovsky L. L. (1987). Population migration: Forecasts, factors, policies . Moscow: Nauka. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2001). Теневая занятость мигрантов в Москве // Народонаселение. № 4. С. 56—69. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2001). Shadow employment of migrants in Moscow. Population, No. 4, pp. 56—69. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2001). Теневая занятость мигрантов в Москве // Народонаселение. № 4. С. 56—69. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2001). Shadow employment of migrants in Moscow. Population, No. 4, pp. 56—69. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2004). Мигранты на неформальном рынке труда в Москве // Проблема незаконной миграции в России: реалии и поиск решений. М.: МОМ. С. 161—195. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2004). Migrants in the informal labor market in Moscow. In: The problem of illegal migration in Russia: Realities and search for solutions. Moscow: IOM, pp. 161—195. (In Russian).].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2004). Мигранты на неформальном рынке труда в Москве // Проблема незаконной миграции в России: реалии и поиск решений. М.: МОМ. С. 161—195. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2004). Migrants in the informal labor market in Moscow. In: The problem of illegal migration in Russia: Realities and search for solutions. Moscow: IOM, pp. 161—195. (In Russian).].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2009). Трудовые мигранты в Москве: второе общество // Иммигранты в Москве / Под ред. Ж. А. Зайончовской. М.: Три квадрата. С. 148—175. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2009). Labor migrants in Moscow: The second society. In: Z. A. Zaionchovskaya (ed.). Immigrants in Moscow. Moscow: Tri Кvadrata, pp. 148—175. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Тюрюканова Е. В. (2009). Трудовые мигранты в Москве: второе общество // Иммигранты в Москве / Под ред. Ж. А. Зайончовской. М.: Три квадрата. С. 148—175. [Tyuryukanova E. V. (2009). Labor migrants in Moscow: The second society. In: Z. A. Zaionchovskaya (ed.). Immigrants in Moscow. Moscow: Tri Кvadrata, pp. 148—175. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2015). Влияние миграции на рынок труда в Москве: представления москвичей и реальность // Проблемы прогнозирования. № 2. С. 135—143. [Florinskaya Y. F. (2015). Impact of migration on the labor market in Moscow: Perceptions of muscovites and reality. Problemy Рrognozirovaniya, No. 2, pp. 135—143. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2015). Влияние миграции на рынок труда в Москве: представления москвичей и реальность // Проблемы прогнозирования. № 2. С. 135—143. [Florinskaya Y. F. (2015). Impact of migration on the labor market in Moscow: Perceptions of muscovites and reality. Problemy Рrognozirovaniya, No. 2, pp. 135—143. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2023). Трудовая миграция в Россию (на примере московского региона): уехать нельзя остаться // Демографическое обозрение. Т. 10, № 4. С. 69—85. [Florinskaya Y. F. (2023). Labor migration to Russia (using the example of the Moscow region): You can’t leave and stay. Demographic Review, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 69—85. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v10i4.18809</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Флоринская Ю. Ф. (2023). Трудовая миграция в Россию (на примере московского региона): уехать нельзя остаться // Демографическое обозрение. Т. 10, № 4. С. 69—85. [Florinskaya Y. F. (2023). Labor migration to Russia (using the example of the Moscow region): You can’t leave and stay. Demographic Review, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 69—85. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v10i4.18809</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Флоринская Ю. Ф., Мкртчян Н. В., Малева Т. М., Кириллова М. К. (2015). Миграция и рынок труда. М.: Дело. [Florinskaya Y. F., Mkrtchyan N. V., Maleva T. M., Kirillova M. K. (2015). Migration and labor market. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Флоринская Ю. Ф., Мкртчян Н. В., Малева Т. М., Кириллова М. К. (2015). Миграция и рынок труда. М.: Дело. [Florinskaya Y. F., Mkrtchyan N. V., Maleva T. M., Kirillova M. K. (2015). Migration and labor market. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хорев Б. С., Чапек В. Н. (1978). Проблемы изучения миграции населения. М.: Мысль. [Khorev B. S., Chapek V. N. (1978). Problems of studying population migration. Moscow: Mysl. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Хорев Б. С., Чапек В. Н. (1978). Проблемы изучения миграции населения. М.: Мысль. [Khorev B. S., Chapek V. N. (1978). Problems of studying population migration. Moscow: Mysl. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чудиновских О. С. (2021). К вопросу о создании регистра населения и использовании административных данных для нужд государственной статистики // Вопросы статистики. Т. 28, № 1. С. 5—17. [Chudinovskikh O. S. (2021). On the establishment of the population register and the use of administrative data for the needs of state statistics. Voprosy Statistiki, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 5—17. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-1-5-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чудиновских О. С. (2021). К вопросу о создании регистра населения и использовании административных данных для нужд государственной статистики // Вопросы статистики. Т. 28, № 1. С. 5—17. [Chudinovskikh O. S. (2021). On the establishment of the population register and the use of administrative data for the needs of state statistics. Voprosy Statistiki, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 5—17. (In Russian).] https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2021-28-1-5-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чудиновских О. С., Денисенко М. Б., Мкртчян Н. В. (2013). Временные трудовые мигранты в России // Демоскоп Weekly. № 579—580. [Chudinovskikh O. S., Denisenko M. B., Mkrtchyan N. V. (2013). Temporary labor migrants in Russia. Demoscope Weekly, № 579—580. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чудиновских О. С., Денисенко М. Б., Мкртчян Н. В. (2013). Временные трудовые мигранты в России // Демоскоп Weekly. № 579—580. [Chudinovskikh O. S., Denisenko M. B., Mkrtchyan N. V. (2013). Temporary labor migrants in Russia. Demoscope Weekly, № 579—580. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чудиновских О. С., Донец Е. В. (2018). О новых технологиях и статистике миграции в России // Вопросы статистики. Т. 25, № 5. С. 11—26. [Chudinovskikh O. S., Donets E. V. (2018). On new technologies and migration statistics in Russia. Voprosy Statistiki, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 11—26. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Чудиновских О. С., Донец Е. В. (2018). О новых технологиях и статистике миграции в России // Вопросы статистики. Т. 25, № 5. С. 11—26. [Chudinovskikh O. S., Donets E. V. (2018). On new technologies and migration statistics in Russia. Voprosy Statistiki, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 11—26. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шитова Ю. Ю. (2009). Маятниковая трудовая миграция в Подмосковье: комплексный социально-экономический анализ. Саранск: Изд-во Мордовского ун-та. [Shitova Y. Y. (2009). Commuting labor migration in the Moscow region: A complex socio-economic analysis. Saransk: Mordovia State University Publ. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шитова Ю. Ю. (2009). Маятниковая трудовая миграция в Подмосковье: комплексный социально-экономический анализ. Саранск: Изд-во Мордовского ун-та. [Shitova Y. Y. (2009). Commuting labor migration in the Moscow region: A complex socio-economic analysis. Saransk: Mordovia State University Publ. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юдина Т. Н. (2007). Миграция: словарь основных терминов. М.: Академический проект. [Yudina T. N. (2007). Migration: Glossary of basic terms. Moscow: Akademicheskiy Proekt. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Юдина Т. Н. (2007). Миграция: словарь основных терминов. М.: Академический проект. [Yudina T. N. (2007). Migration: Glossary of basic terms. Moscow: Akademicheskiy Proekt. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ягельский А. (1980). География населения. М: Прогресс. [Yagelskiyi A. (1980). Geography of population. Moscow: Progress. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ягельский А. (1980). География населения. М: Прогресс. [Yagelskiyi A. (1980). Geography of population. Moscow: Progress. (In Russian).]</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beine M., Coulombe S. (2018). Immigration and internal mobility in Canada. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 31, pp. 69—106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148017-0645-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beine M., Coulombe S. (2018). Immigration and internal mobility in Canada. Journal of Population Economics, Vol. 31, pp. 69—106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148017-0645-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borjas G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International Migration Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 457—485. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300304</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borjas G. J. (1989). Economic theory and international migration. International Migration Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 457—485. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838902300304</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borjas G. J. (2006). Native internal migration and the labor market impact of immigration. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 221—258. https:// doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.2.221</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borjas G. J. (2006). Native internal migration and the labor market impact of immigration. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 221—258. https:// doi.org/10.3368/jhr.XLI.2.221</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borjas G. J., Monras J. (2017). The labour market consequences of refugee supply shocks. Economic Policy, Vol. 32, No. 91, pp. 361—413. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eix007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borjas G. J., Monras J. (2017). The labour market consequences of refugee supply shocks. Economic Policy, Vol. 32, No. 91, pp. 361—413. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eix007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Card D. (1990). The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 245—257. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399004300205</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Card D. (1990). The impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami labor market. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 245—257. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399004300205</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Card D. (2005). Is the new immigration really so bad? The Economic Journal, Vol. 115, No. 507, pp. F300—F323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01037.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Card D. (2005). Is the new immigration really so bad? The Economic Journal, Vol. 115, No. 507, pp. F300—F323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01037.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark W. A. (1986). Human migration. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark W. A. (1986). Human migration. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Haas H. (2009). Mobility and human development. New York: UNDP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Haas H. (2009). Mobility and human development. New York: UNDP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Haas H. (2021). A theory of migration: Тhe aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative Migration Studies, Vol. 9, No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878020-00210-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Haas H. (2021). A theory of migration: Тhe aspirations-capabilities framework. Comparative Migration Studies, Vol. 9, No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878020-00210-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dustmann C., Schönberg U., Stuhler J. (2016). The impact of immigration: Why do studies reach such different results? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 31—56. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dustmann C., Schönberg U., Stuhler J. (2016). The impact of immigration: Why do studies reach such different results? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 31—56. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.31</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edo A. (2019). The impact of immigration on the labor market. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 922—948. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12300</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edo A. (2019). The impact of immigration on the labor market. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 922—948. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12300</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ellis M., Wright R. (1999). The industrial division of labor among immigrants and internal migrants to the Los Angeles economy. International Migration Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26—54. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839903300102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ellis M., Wright R. (1999). The industrial division of labor among immigrants and internal migrants to the Los Angeles economy. International Migration Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 26—54. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839903300102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernández-Macías E., Hurley J. (2017). Routine-biased technical change and job polarization in Europe. Socio-Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 563—585. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mww016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández-Macías E., Hurley J. (2017). Routine-biased technical change and job polarization in Europe. Socio-Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 563—585. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mww016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Filer R. K. (1992). The impact of immigrant arrivals on migratory patterns of n ative workers . In: G. Borjas, R. Freeman (eds.). Immigration and the workforce: Economic consequences for the United States and Source areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 245—269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filer R. K. (1992). The impact of immigrant arrivals on migratory patterns of n ative workers . In: G. Borjas, R. Freeman (eds.). Immigration and the workforce: Economic consequences for the United States and Source areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 245—269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fong E., Shen J. (2011). Explaining ethnic enclave, ethnic entrepreneurial and employment niches: A case study of Chinese in Canadian immigrant gateway cities. Urban Studies, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1605—1633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010379278</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fong E., Shen J. (2011). Explaining ethnic enclave, ethnic entrepreneurial and employment niches: A case study of Chinese in Canadian immigrant gateway cities. Urban Studies, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1605—1633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098010379278</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frey W. H. (1995). Immigration and internal migration “flight”: A California case study. Population and Environment, Vol. 16, pp. 353—375. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frey W. H. (1995). Immigration and internal migration “flight”: A California case study. Population and Environment, Vol. 16, pp. 353—375. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordon I., Travers T., Whitehead C. (2007). The impact of recent immigration on the London economy. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordon I., Travers T., Whitehead C. (2007). The impact of recent immigration on the London economy. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris J. R., Todaro M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A twosector analysis. American Economic Review, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 126—142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris J. R., Todaro M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A twosector analysis. American Economic Review, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 126—142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hempstead K. (2003). Immigration and native migration in New York City, 1985— 1990. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 22, pp. 333—349. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027370802989</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hempstead K. (2003). Immigration and native migration in New York City, 1985— 1990. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 22, pp. 333—349. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027370802989</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kornstad T., Skjerpen T., Stambøl L. S. (2024). Empirical modeling of internal migration and commuting flows for economic regions in Norway. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 72, pp. 473—512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-023-01208-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kornstad T., Skjerpen T., Stambøl L. S. (2024). Empirical modeling of internal migration and commuting flows for economic regions in Norway. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 72, pp. 473—512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-023-01208-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee E. S. (1966). A theory of migration. Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longhi S., Nijkamp P., Poot J. (2010а). Joint impacts of immigration on wages and employment: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Geographical Systems, Vol. 12, pp. 355—387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-010-0111-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longhi S., Nijkamp P., Poot J. (2010а). Joint impacts of immigration on wages and employment: Review and meta-analysis. Journal of Geographical Systems, Vol. 12, pp. 355—387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-010-0111-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longhi S., Nijkamp P., Poot J. (2010b). Meta-analyses of labour-market impacts of immigration: Key conclusions and policy implications. Environment and Planning C: Policies and Space, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 819—833. https://doi.org/10.1068/c09151r</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longhi S., Nijkamp P., Poot J. (2010b). Meta-analyses of labour-market impacts of immigration: Key conclusions and policy implications. Environment and Planning C: Policies and Space, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 819—833. https://doi.org/10.1068/c09151r</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massey D. S., Arango J., Hugo G., Kouaouci A., Pellegrino A., Taylor J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 431—466. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massey D. S., Arango J., Hugo G., Kouaouci A., Pellegrino A., Taylor J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 431—466. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938462</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monte F., Redding S. J., Rossi-Hansberg E. (2018). Commuting, migration, and local employment elasticities. American Economic Review, Vol. 108, No. 12, pp. 3855—3890. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monte F., Redding S. J., Rossi-Hansberg E. (2018). Commuting, migration, and local employment elasticities. American Economic Review, Vol. 108, No. 12, pp. 3855—3890. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oesch D., Piccitto G. (2019). The polarization myth: Occupational upgrading in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the UK, 1992—2015. Work and Occupations, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 441—469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888419860880</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oesch D., Piccitto G. (2019). The polarization myth: Occupational upgrading in Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the UK, 1992—2015. Work and Occupations, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 441—469. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888419860880</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okkerse L. (2008). How to measure labour market effects of immigration: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 1—30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00533.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okkerse L. (2008). How to measure labour market effects of immigration: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 1—30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00533.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Peri G. (2016). Immigrants, productivity, and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 3—30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Peri G. (2016). Immigrants, productivity, and labor markets. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 3—30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.4.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Portes A., Zhou M. (1992). Gaining the upper hand: Economic mobility among immigrants and domestic minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 491—522. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993761</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Portes A., Zhou M. (1992). Gaining the upper hand: Economic mobility among immigrants and domestic minorities. Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 491—522. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993761</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priore M. (1971). The dual labour market. Theory and implications. In: D. Gordon. Problems in political economy: An urban perspective. Lexington: DC Health and Co.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priore M. (1971). The dual labour market. Theory and implications. In: D. Gordon. Problems in political economy: An urban perspective. Lexington: DC Health and Co.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priore M. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labour and industrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priore M. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labour and industrial societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravenstein G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 167—235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravenstein G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 167—235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ravenstein G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 241—305. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ravenstein G. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 241—305. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979333</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon J., Kiss N., Łaszewska A., Mayer S. (2015). Public health aspects of migrant health: A review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon J., Kiss N., Łaszewska A., Mayer S. (2015). Public health aspects of migrant health: A review of the evidence on health status for labour migrants in the European region. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker R., Ellis M., Barff R. (1992). Linked migration systems: Immigration and internal labor flows in the United States. Economic Geography, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 234—248. https://doi.org/10.2307/144184</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker R., Ellis M., Barff R. (1992). Linked migration systems: Immigration and internal labor flows in the United States. Economic Geography, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 234—248. https://doi.org/10.2307/144184</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Q., Pandit K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic niches in new immigrant destinations: An examination of Atlanta’s labor market, 1980—1990. Southeastern Geographer, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 159—180. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Q., Pandit K. (2003). The emergence of ethnic niches in new immigrant destinations: An examination of Atlanta’s labor market, 1980—1990. Southeastern Geographer, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 159—180. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2003.0003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Q., Pandit K. (2007). Measuring ethnic labour market concentration and segmentation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1227—1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701614023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Q., Pandit K. (2007). Measuring ethnic labour market concentration and segmentation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 1227—1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701614023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White M. J., Hunter L. (1993) The migratory response of native-born workers to the presence of immigrants in the labor market. Population Studies and Training Center Working Paper, No. 93-08. Providence, RI: Brown University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White M. J., Hunter L. (1993) The migratory response of native-born workers to the presence of immigrants in the labor market. Population Studies and Training Center Working Paper, No. 93-08. Providence, RI: Brown University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">White M. J., Liang Z. (1998). The effect of immigration on the internal migration of the native-born population, 1981—1990. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 141—166. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005961111419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">White M. J., Liang Z. (1998). The effect of immigration on the internal migration of the native-born population, 1981—1990. Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 141—166. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005961111419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wills J., May J., Datta K., Evans Y., Herbert J., McIlwaine C. (2009). London’s migrant division of labour. European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 257—271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776409104692</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wills J., May J., Datta K., Evans Y., Herbert J., McIlwaine C. (2009). London’s migrant division of labour. European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 257—271. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776409104692</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson F. D. (2003). Ethnic niching and metropolitan labor markets. Social Science Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 429—466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00015-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson F. D. (2003). Ethnic niching and metropolitan labor markets. Social Science Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 429—466. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-089X(03)00015-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright R. A., Ellis M., Reibel M. (1997). The linkage between immigration and internal migration in large metropolitan areas in the United States. Economic Geography, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 234—254. https://doi.org/10.2307/144449</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright R. A., Ellis M., Reibel M. (1997). The linkage between immigration and internal migration in large metropolitan areas in the United States. Economic Geography, Vol. 73, No. 2, pp. 234—254. https://doi.org/10.2307/144449</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelinsky W. (1971). The hypothesis of mobility transition. Geographical Review, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 219—249. https://doi.org/10.2307/213996</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelinsky W. (1971). The hypothesis of mobility transition. Geographical Review, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 219—249. https://doi.org/10.2307/213996</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmermann K. F. (2014). Circular migration. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmermann K. F. (2014). Circular migration. IZA World of Labor. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
