voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2025-3-48-75voprecotest-5072Research ArticleЭКОНОМИКА ИННОВАЦИЙ И ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ПРОГРЕССАECONOMICS OF INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGEСубсидирование научно-производственной кооперации в России: оценка эффектовImpact assessment of subsidized academia—industry cooperation in Russiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0443-9267ГершманМ. А.GershmanM. A.

Гершман Михаил Анатольевич, к. э. н., директор Центра научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний (ИСИЭЗ) НИУ ВШЭ

Москва

Mikhail A. Gershman

Moscow

 

mgershman@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-612XЕвсееваМ. В.EvseevaM. V.

Евсеева Марина Викторовна, к. э. н., ведущий эксперт Центра научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики ИСИЭЗ НИУВШЭ

Москва

Marina V. Evseeva

Moscow

mvevseeva@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-9564-6181КаменеваЕ. Г.KamenevaE. G.

Каменева Елена Геннадьевна (ekameneva@hse.ru), эксперт Центра научнотехнической, инновационной и информационной политики ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ

Москва

Elena G. Kameneva

Moscow

ekameneva@hse.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3465-098XЛапочкинаВ. В.LapochkinaV. V.

Лапочкина Виктория Владимировна (vlapochkina@hse.ru), к. э. н., ведущийэксперт Центра научно-технической, инновационной и информационной политики ИСИЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ

Москва

Viktoria V. Lapochkina

Moscow

vlapochkina@hse.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHSE UniversityRussian Federation202502032025034875Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20252025Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5072

Анализируется политика прямого субсидирования проектов научно-производственной кооперации в России. С помощью метода «разность разностей» (difference-in-differences) на основе микроданных оценивается ее воздействие на рост выручки 133 компаний — получателей субсидий в 2010—2022 гг. Установлено, что наиболее заметен эффект субсидии для малых и средних предприятий и компаний из высокотехнологичных отраслей. В дополнение при помощи логит-регрессии на основе данных опросов 2017 и 2022 гг. выявлено, что для исследовательских организаций, использовавших эту меру поддержки, характерны наличие молодых ученых, доступ к зарубежным базам данных научно-технической информации, опыт научно-производственной кооперации. При этом организации не заинтересованы в этой субсидии, если уже применяют другие финансовые инструменты (например, гранты фондов), имеют заказы госкорпораций, а также высокий уровень международных научных взаимодействий. С учетом полученных результатов разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию государственной политики за счет дифференциации механизмов поддержки научно-производственной кооперации для крупных компаний и МСП, ее фокусировки на высокотехнологичных отраслях, расширения доступа университетов к молодым талантам и мировым базам знаний.

In this article, we analyze the policy of direct subsidizing of academia— industry cooperation projects in Russia. Using the difference in differences method and companies’ microdata, we assess the policy impact on the change in the revenue growth rates of 133 subsidy recipient companies in 2010—2022. It is established that subsidies have the most noticeable impact on small and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs) and companies from high-tech industries. Additionally, using logit regression based on surveys in 2017 and 2022, we determine that research organizations which have used this measure are characterized by the presence of young researchers, access to foreign scientific and technical information databases, and experience in academia—industry cooperation. At the same time, organizations are not interested in this subsidy if they already used other financial instruments (for example, grants from research foundations), had orders from state corporations, and a high level of international scientific interactions. Based on the results of the study, recommendations have been developed to improve public policy by differentiating mechanisms to support academia—industry cooperation for large companies and SMEs, concentrating resources on high-tech industries and strengthening universities’ access to young talent and global knowledge databases. 

научно-производственная кооперацияразность разностейконтрфактический подходacademia-industry cooperationuniversity-industry collaborationdifference-in-differencescounterfactual approachСтатья подготовлена в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭHSE UniversityReferencesБаранов Э. Ф., Бессонов В. А. (2018). Взгляд на российскую экономическую трансформацию // Вопросы экономики. № 11. С. 142—158. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042- 8736-2018-11-142-158Baranov E. F., Bessonov V. A. (2018). A view at the Russian economic transformation. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 11, pp. 142—158. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042- 8736-2018-11-142-158Бредихин С. В., Власова В. В., Гершман М. А., Гохберг Л. М., Кашинова Е. А., Китова Г. А., Кузнецова Т. Е., Рудь В. А. (2019). Деловой климат в российской науке — Doing science. М.: НИУ ВШЭ.Bredikhin S. V., Vlasova V. V., Gershman M. A., Gokhberg L. M., Kashinova E. A., Kitova G. A., Kuznetsova T. E., Roud V. A. (2019). Business climate in the Russian R&D sector — Doing science. Moscow: HSE Publ. (In Russian).Гершман М. А. (2013). Программы инновационного развития компаний с государственным участием: первые итоги // Форсайт. Т. 7, № 1. С. 28—43.Gershman M. A. (2013). Innovation development programmes for the state-owned companies: First results. Foresight, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 28—43. (In Russian).Гохберг Л. М., Гершман М. А., Лапочкина В. В., Кузнецова Т. Е., Власова В. В., Бредихин С. В., Заиченко С. А., Дементьев В. В., Клыпин А. В. (2023). Делаем науку в России: деловой климат в сфере науки и технологий. М.: ИСИЭЗ ВШЭ.Gokhberg L. M., Gershman M. A., Lapochkina V. V., Kuznetsova T. E., Vlasova V. V., Bredikhin S. V., Zaichenko S. A., Dementiev V. V., Klypin A. V. (2023). Doing science in Russia: Business climate in the R&D sector. Moscow: ISSEK HSE. (In Russian).Гусева Н. В., Аверина Ю. М. (2022). Концептуальный анализ поддержанных заявок I очереди постановления № 218 в рамках нефтегазохимической отрасли // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. № 13. С. 25—27.Guseva N. V., Averina Y. M. (2022). Concept analysis of supported applications of the first stage of Resolution No. 218 in the framework of the petroleum and gas chemical industry. Uspekhi v Khimii i Khimicheskikh Tekhnologiyakh, No. 13, pp. 25—27. (In Russian).Данилова Е. А. (2013). Инновационный инструмент государственной поддержки научно-производственной кооперации: тематический и региональный срезы // Инновации. № 10. С. 41—50.Danilova E. A. (2013). Innovation instrument of state support for research-and-production cooperation: Subject and regional aspects. Innovatsii, No. 10, pp. 41—50. (In Russian).Дежина И. Г., Пономарев А. К. (2022). Подходы к обеспечению технологической самостоятельности России // Управление наукой: теория и практика. Т. 4, № 3. С. 53—68. https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.5Dezhina I. G., Ponomarev A. K. (2022). Approaches to ensuring Russia’s technological self-sufficiency. Upravleniye Naukoi: Teoriya i Praktika, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 53—68. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.5Дежина И. Г., Симачев Ю. В. (2013). Связанные гранты для стимулирования партнерства компаний и университетов в инновационной сфере: стартовые эффекты применения в России // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 19. С. 99—122.Dezhina I. G., Simachev Y. V. (2013). Matching grants for stimulating partnerships between companies and universities in innovation area: Initial effects in Russia. Journal of the New Economic Aassociation, No. 19, pp. 99—122. (In Russian).Заиченко С. А., Рудь В. В., Кузнецова Т. А. (2014). Особенности взаимодействия российских предприятий и научных организаций в инновационной сфере // Форсайт. Т. 8, № 1. С. 6—22.Zaichenko S. A., Roud V. V., Kuznetsova T. A. (2014). Features of interaction between Russian enterprises and research organisations in the field of innovation. Foresight, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 6—22. (In Russian).Монастырный Е. А., Пудкова В. В., Шимко Н. В. (2020). Особенности взаимодействия университета и производственного предприятия при реализации совместных проектов. Взгляд участников // Векторы благополучия: экономика и социум. № 1. С. 36—51.Monastyrny E. A., Pudkova V. V., Shimko N. V. (2020). Special aspects of university—industry interaction in the joint projects. Participants’ view. Vektory Blagopoluchiya: Ekonomika i Sotsium, No. 1, pp. 36—51. (In Russian).Симачев Ю. В., Кузык М. Г. (2021). Взаимодействие российского бизнеса с наукой: точки соприкосновения и камни преткновения // Вопросы экономики. № 6. С. 103—138. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-6-103-138Simachev Y. V., Kuzyk M. G. (2021). Interaction of Russian business with science: Points of contact and stumbling blocks. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 6, pp. 103—138. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-6-103-138Симачев Ю. В., Кузык М. Г., Зудин Н. Н. (2017). Результаты налоговой и финансовой поддержки российских компаний: проверка на дополнительность // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. С. 59—93. https://doi.org/10.31737/2221- 2264-2017-34-2-3Simachev Y. V., Kuzyk M. G., Zudin N. N. (2017). The impact of public funding and tax incentives on Russian firms: Additionality effects evaluation. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 2, pp. 59—93. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31737/2221- 2264-2017-34-2-3Симачев Ю., Кузык М., Фейгина В. (2014). Взаимодействие российских компаний и исследовательских организаций в проведении НИОКР: третий не лишний? // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 4—34. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-7-4-34Simachev Y., Kuzyk M., Feygina V. (2014). R&D cooperation between Russian firms and research organizations: Is there a need for state assistance? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 4—34. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-7-4-34Скалецкий Е. В., Широкова Г. В., Гаффорова Е. Б. (2018). Связь конкурентных стратегий и результатов деятельности российских фирм малого и среднего бизнеса в период экономического кризиса // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Менеджмент. № 2. С. 204—230. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu08.2018.204Skaletsky E. V., Shirokova G. V., Gafforova E. B. (2018). Relationship between competitive strategies and Russian SMEs’ performance during economic crisis. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Management, No. 2, pp. 204—230. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu08.2018.204Соловьев Д. Б., Макеева А. И. (2016). Использование инструментов государственной поддержки для интеграции науки и бизнеса, на примере Дальневосточного федерального университета // Современная экономика: проблемы и решения. № 5. С. 152—171. https://doi.org/10.17308/meps.2016.5/1398Solovev D. B., Makeeva A. I. (2016). State support for integration of science and business (experience of Far Eastern Federal University). Sovremennaya Ekonomika: Problemy i Resheniya, No. 5, pp. 152—171. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17308/meps.2016.5/1398Aldieri L., Kotsemir M. N., Vinci C. P. (2017). Knowledge spillover effects: Empirical evidence from Russian regions. Quality and Quantity, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 2111—2132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0624-2Aldieri L., Kotsemir M. N., Vinci C. P. (2017). Knowledge spillover effects: Empirical evidence from Russian regions. Quality and Quantity, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 2111—2132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0624-2Antonelli C., Crespi F. (2013). The “Matthew effect” in R&D public subsidies: The Italian evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 80, No. 8, pp. 1523—1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.03.008Antonelli C., Crespi F. (2013). The “Matthew effect” in R&D public subsidies: The Italian evidence. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 80, No. 8, pp. 1523—1534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2013.03.008Aschhoff B., Schmidt T. (2008). Empirical evidence on the success of R&D cooperation — happy together? Review of Industrial Organization, Vol. 33, pp. 41—62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41799384Aschhoff B., Schmidt T. (2008). Empirical evidence on the success of R&D cooperation — happy together? Review of Industrial Organization, Vol. 33, pp. 41—62. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41799384Babina T., He A. X., Howell S. T., Perlman E. R., Staudt J. (2020). The color of money: Federal vs. industry funding of university research. NBER Working Paper, No. w28160. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28160Babina T., He A. X., Howell S. T., Perlman E. R., Staudt J. (2020). The color of money: Federal vs. industry funding of university research. NBER Working Paper, No. w28160. https://doi.org/10.3386/w28160Bertello A., Ferraris A., Bernardi P., Bertoldi B. (2022). Challenges to open innovation in traditional SMEs: An analysis of pre-competitive projects in university—industry— government collaboration. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 89—104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00727-1Bertello A., Ferraris A., Bernardi P., Bertoldi B. (2022). Challenges to open innovation in traditional SMEs: An analysis of pre-competitive projects in university—industry— government collaboration. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 89—104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00727-1Bertrand M., Duflo E., Mullainathan S. (2004). How much should we trust differencesin-differences estimates? Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, pp. 249—275. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839588Bertrand M., Duflo E., Mullainathan S. (2004). How much should we trust differencesin-differences estimates? Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, pp. 249—275. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355304772839588Cao Q., Li Y., Peng H. (2023). From university basic research to firm innovation: Diffusion mechanism and boundary conditions under a U-shaped relationship. Technovation, Vol. 123, article 102718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102718Cao Q., Li Y., Peng H. (2023). From university basic research to firm innovation: Diffusion mechanism and boundary conditions under a U-shaped relationship. Technovation, Vol. 123, article 102718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2023.102718Cassiman B., Pérez-Castrillo D., Veugelers R. (2002). Endogenizing know-how flows through the nature of R&D investments. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 20, pp. 775—799. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187 (01)00084-4Cassiman B., Pérez-Castrillo D., Veugelers R. (2002). Endogenizing know-how flows through the nature of R&D investments. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 20, pp. 775—799. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187 (01)00084-4Catozzella A., Vivarelli M. (2011). Beyond additionality: Are innovation subsidies counterproductive? IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5746. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1863068Catozzella A., Vivarelli M. (2011). Beyond additionality: Are innovation subsidies counterproductive? IZA Discussion Papers, No. 5746. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1863068Chapman G., Lucena A., Afcha S. (2018). R&D subsidies & external collaborative breadth: Differential gains and the role of collaboration experience. Research Policy, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 623—636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.009Chapman G., Lucena A., Afcha S. (2018). R&D subsidies & external collaborative breadth: Differential gains and the role of collaboration experience. Research Policy, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 623—636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.009Cheah S., Ho Y. (2020). Effective industrial policy implementation for open innovation: The role of government resources and capabilities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 151, article 119845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119845Cheah S., Ho Y. (2020). Effective industrial policy implementation for open innovation: The role of government resources and capabilities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 151, article 119845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119845Cheng H., Zhang Z., Liao Z., Wei Y., Nkongo Mvondo J. M. (2020). Different policy instruments and the threshold effects on collaboration efficiency in China. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 348—359. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa016Cheng H., Zhang Z., Liao Z., Wei Y., Nkongo Mvondo J. M. (2020). Different policy instruments and the threshold effects on collaboration efficiency in China. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 348—359. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scaa016Chesbrough H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.Chesbrough H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Harvard Business Press.Coad A., Rao R. (2010). Firm growth and R&D expenditure. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 127—145. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10438590802472531Coad A., Rao R. (2010). Firm growth and R&D expenditure. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 127—145. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10438590802472531Cohen W. M., Levinthal D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 128—152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553Cohen W. M., Levinthal D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 128—152. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553Costa-Campi M. T., Duch-Brown N., Garcia-Quevedo J. (2014). R&D drivers and obstacles to innovation in the energy industry. Energy Economics, Vol. 46, pp. 20—30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.09.003Costa-Campi M. T., Duch-Brown N., Garcia-Quevedo J. (2014). R&D drivers and obstacles to innovation in the energy industry. Energy Economics, Vol. 46, pp. 20—30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.09.003Czarnitzki D., Ebersberger B., Fier A. (2007). The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and R&D performance: Empirical evidence from Finland and Germany. Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 1347—1366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.992Czarnitzki D., Ebersberger B., Fier A. (2007). The relationship between R&D collaboration, subsidies and R&D performance: Empirical evidence from Finland and Germany. Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 1347—1366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.992Dias A., Selan B. (2023). How does university—industry collaboration relate to research resources and technical-scientific activities? An analysis at the laboratory level. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 392—415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09921-5Dias A., Selan B. (2023). How does university—industry collaboration relate to research resources and technical-scientific activities? An analysis at the laboratory level. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 392—415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09921-5Díez-Vial I., Fernández-Olmos M. (2015). Knowledge spillovers in science and technology parks: How can firms benefit most? Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 40, pp. 70—84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9329-4Díez-Vial I., Fernández-Olmos M. (2015). Knowledge spillovers in science and technology parks: How can firms benefit most? Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 40, pp. 70—84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9329-4Engel D., Rothgang M., Eckl V. (2016). Systemic aspects of R&D policy subsidies for R&D collaborations and their effects on private R&D. Industry and Innovation, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 206—222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1146127Engel D., Rothgang M., Eckl V. (2016). Systemic aspects of R&D policy subsidies for R&D collaborations and their effects on private R&D. Industry and Innovation, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 206—222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2016.1146127Etzkowitz H., Leydesdorff L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university—industry—government relations. Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 109—123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4Etzkowitz H., Leydesdorff L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university—industry—government relations. Research Policy, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 109—123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4Fan H. L., Huang M. H., Chen D. Z. (2019). Do funding sources matter? The impact of university—industry collaboration funding sources on innovation performance of universities. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 1368—1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1614158Fan H. L., Huang M. H., Chen D. Z. (2019). Do funding sources matter? The impact of university—industry collaboration funding sources on innovation performance of universities. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 1368—1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2019.1614158Fredriksson A., de Oliveira G. M. (2019). Impact evaluation using difference-in-differences. RAUSP Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 519—532. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0112Fredriksson A., de Oliveira G. M. (2019). Impact evaluation using difference-in-differences. RAUSP Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 519—532. https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-05-2019-0112Garcia R., Araújo V., Mascarini S., Santos E. G., Costa A. R. (2019). How the benefits, results and barriers of collaboration affect university engagement with industry. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 347—357. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy062Garcia R., Araújo V., Mascarini S., Santos E. G., Costa A. R. (2019). How the benefits, results and barriers of collaboration affect university engagement with industry. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 347—357. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scy062Gershman M., Gokhberg L., Kuznetsova T. (2022). Science, technology, and innovation policy in response to the COVID-19 crisis: The case of Russia. In: M. Polat, S. Burmaoglu, O. Saritas (eds.). COVID-19 and society: Socio-economic perspectives on the impact, implications, and challenges. Cham: Springer, pp. 279—300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13142-4_14Gershman M., Gokhberg L., Kuznetsova T. (2022). Science, technology, and innovation policy in response to the COVID-19 crisis: The case of Russia. In: M. Polat, S. Burmaoglu, O. Saritas (eds.). COVID-19 and society: Socio-economic perspectives on the impact, implications, and challenges. Cham: Springer, pp. 279—300. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13142-4_14Gershman M., Gokhberg L., Kuznetsova T., Roud V. (2018). Bridging S&T and innovation in Russia: A historical perspective. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 133, pp. 132—140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.014Gershman M., Gokhberg L., Kuznetsova T., Roud V. (2018). Bridging S&T and innovation in Russia: A historical perspective. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, Vol. 133, pp. 132—140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2018.03.014Gershman M., Kitova G. (2017). Assessing government support for research and innovation in Russian universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1067—1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-016-0400-xGershman M., Kitova G. (2017). Assessing government support for research and innovation in Russian universities. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1067—1084. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-016-0400-xGertler P. J., Martinez S., Premand P., Rawlings L. B., Vermeersch C. M. (2016). Impact evaluation in practice. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0006529Gertler P. J., Martinez S., Premand P., Rawlings L. B., Vermeersch C. M. (2016). Impact evaluation in practice. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0006529Guimon J., Paunov C. (2019). Science—industry knowledge exchange: A mapping of policy instruments and their interactions. OECD STY Policy Papers, No. 66. pp. 3—33. https://doi.org/10.1787/23074957Guimon J., Paunov C. (2019). Science—industry knowledge exchange: A mapping of policy instruments and their interactions. OECD STY Policy Papers, No. 66. pp. 3—33. https://doi.org/10.1787/23074957Hernández-Trasobares A., Murillo-Luna J. (2020). The effect of triple helix cooperation on business innovation: The case of Spain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 161, article 120296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.120296.Hernández-Trasobares A., Murillo-Luna J. (2020). The effect of triple helix cooperation on business innovation: The case of Spain. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 161, article 120296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2020.120296.Hossain M., Kauranen I. (2016). Open innovation in SMEs: A systematic literature review. Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 58—73. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-08-2014-0072Hossain M., Kauranen I. (2016). Open innovation in SMEs: A systematic literature review. Journal of Strategy and Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 58—73. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-08-2014-0072Hottenrott H., Lopes-Bento C. (2014). (International) R&D collaboration and SMEs: The effectiveness of targeted public R&D support schemes. Research Рolicy, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1055—1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.004Hottenrott H., Lopes-Bento C. (2014). (International) R&D collaboration and SMEs: The effectiveness of targeted public R&D support schemes. Research Рolicy, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1055—1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.004Hottenrott H., Thorwarth S. (2011). Industry funding of university research and scientific productivity. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1786418Hottenrott H., Thorwarth S. (2011). Industry funding of university research and scientific productivity. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1786418Kaneva M., Untura G. (2017). The impact of R&D and knowledge spillovers on the economic growth of Russian regions. Growth and Change, Vol. 50, pp. 301—334.Kaneva M., Untura G. (2017). The impact of R&D and knowledge spillovers on the economic growth of Russian regions. Growth and Change, Vol. 50, pp. 301—334.Kim D., Jang S., Jung S., Hwang J. (2021). Assessment of research collaborations for improving intellectual and economic performance in public renewable energy R&D. Asian Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 57—72. https:// doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2021.14.1.4Kim D., Jang S., Jung S., Hwang J. (2021). Assessment of research collaborations for improving intellectual and economic performance in public renewable energy R&D. Asian Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 57—72. https:// doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2021.14.1.4Kim S., Park K. C. (2021). Government funded R&D collaboration and its impact on SME’s business performance. Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 15, No. 3, article 101197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2021.101197Kim S., Park K. C. (2021). Government funded R&D collaboration and its impact on SME’s business performance. Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 15, No. 3, article 101197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2021.101197Klasová S., Korobaničová I., Hudec O. (2019). University—industry links in Slovakia: What are the factors underlying the number of interactions with industry? Quality Innovation Prosperity, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 102—118. https://doi.org/10.12776/ qip.v23i1.1137Klasová S., Korobaničová I., Hudec O. (2019). University—industry links in Slovakia: What are the factors underlying the number of interactions with industry? Quality Innovation Prosperity, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 102—118. https://doi.org/10.12776/ qip.v23i1.1137Kleine M., Heite J., Huber L. R. (2022). Subsidized R&D collaboration: The causal effect of innovation vouchers on innovation performance. Research Policy, Vol. 51, No. 6, article 104515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104515Kleine M., Heite J., Huber L. R. (2022). Subsidized R&D collaboration: The causal effect of innovation vouchers on innovation performance. Research Policy, Vol. 51, No. 6, article 104515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104515Kobarg S., Stumpf-Wollersheim J., Welpe I. M. (2018). University—industry collaborations and product innovation performance: The moderating effects of absorptive capacity and innovation competencies. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1696—1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9583-yKobarg S., Stumpf-Wollersheim J., Welpe I. M. (2018). University—industry collaborations and product innovation performance: The moderating effects of absorptive capacity and innovation competencies. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 1696—1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9583-yKopczynska E., Ferreira J. J. (2021). The role of government measures in university— industry collaboration for economic growth: A comparative study across levels of economic development. Triple Helix, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 486—533. https://doi.org/10.1163/21971927-bja10023Kopczynska E., Ferreira J. J. (2021). The role of government measures in university— industry collaboration for economic growth: A comparative study across levels of economic development. Triple Helix, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 486—533. https://doi.org/10.1163/21971927-bja10023Lai Y., Lin F., Lin Y. (2015). Factors affecting firm’s R&D investment decisions. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 840—844. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2014.11.038Lai Y., Lin F., Lin Y. (2015). Factors affecting firm’s R&D investment decisions. Journal of Business Research, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 840—844. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2014.11.038Maietta O. W. (2015). Determinants of university—firm R&D collaboration and its impact on innovation: A perspective from a low-tech industry. Research Policy, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 1341—1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.03.006Maietta O. W. (2015). Determinants of university—firm R&D collaboration and its impact on innovation: A perspective from a low-tech industry. Research Policy, Vol. 44, No. 7, pp. 1341—1359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.03.006Meissner D., Cervantes M., Kratzer J. (2018). Enhancing university—industry linkages potentials and limitations of government policies. International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 78, No. 1—2, pp. 147—162. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2018.093944Meissner D., Cervantes M., Kratzer J. (2018). Enhancing university—industry linkages potentials and limitations of government policies. International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 78, No. 1—2, pp. 147—162. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2018.093944Méndez Morales E. (2019). Input, output, and behavioral additionality of innovation subsidies. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, Vol. 14, pp. 158—172. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242019000400158Méndez Morales E. (2019). Input, output, and behavioral additionality of innovation subsidies. Journal of Technology Management and Innovation, Vol. 14, pp. 158—172. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242019000400158Muscio A. (2007). The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs’ collaboration. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 653—668. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590600983994Muscio A. (2007). The impact of absorptive capacity on SMEs’ collaboration. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 653—668. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590600983994Muscio A., Quaglione D., Vallanti G. (2013). Does government funding complement or substitute private research funding to universities? Research Policy, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 63—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.010Muscio A., Quaglione D., Vallanti G. (2013). Does government funding complement or substitute private research funding to universities? Research Policy, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 63—75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.010Nsanzumuhire S. U., Groot W. (2020). Context perspective on university—industry collaboration processes: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 258, article 120861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020. 120861Nsanzumuhire S. U., Groot W. (2020). Context perspective on university—industry collaboration processes: A systematic review of literature. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 258, article 120861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020. 120861Nugent A., Chan H. F., Dulleck U. (2022). Government funding of university—industry collaboration: Exploring the impact of targeted funding on university patent activity. Scientometrics, Vol. 127, No. 1, pp. 29—73. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-021-04153-0.Nugent A., Chan H. F., Dulleck U. (2022). Government funding of university—industry collaboration: Exploring the impact of targeted funding on university patent activity. Scientometrics, Vol. 127, No. 1, pp. 29—73. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-021-04153-0.O’Dwyer M., Filieri R., O’Malley L. (2023). Establishing successful university— industry collaborations: Barriers and enablers deconstructed. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 900—931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09932-2O’Dwyer M., Filieri R., O’Malley L. (2023). Establishing successful university— industry collaborations: Barriers and enablers deconstructed. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 900—931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-022-09932-2OECD (2019). University—industry collaboration: New evidence and policy options. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e9c1e648-enOECD (2019). University—industry collaboration: New evidence and policy options. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/e9c1e648-enOECD (2021). Improving knowledge transfer and collaboration between science and business in Spain. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 122. https://doi.org/10.1787/4d787b35-enOECD (2021). Improving knowledge transfer and collaboration between science and business in Spain. OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, No. 122. https://doi.org/10.1787/4d787b35-enOkamuro H., Nishimura J. (2015). Not just financial support? Another role of public subsidy in university—industry research collaborations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 24, pp. 633—659. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043859 9.2014.973678Okamuro H., Nishimura J. (2015). Not just financial support? Another role of public subsidy in university—industry research collaborations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 24, pp. 633—659. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043859 9.2014.973678Ortega-Argilés R., Vivarelli M., Voigt P. (2009). R&D in SMEs: A paradox? Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 3—11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9187-5Ortega-Argilés R., Vivarelli M., Voigt P. (2009). R&D in SMEs: A paradox? Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, pp. 3—11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9187-5Petruzzelli A., Murgia G. (2020). University—industry collaborations and international knowledge spillovers: A joint-patent investigation. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 45, pp. 958—983. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10961-019-09723-2.Petruzzelli A., Murgia G. (2020). University—industry collaborations and international knowledge spillovers: A joint-patent investigation. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 45, pp. 958—983. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10961-019-09723-2.Pfeffer J., Salancik G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315702001-32Pfeffer J., Salancik G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.4324/ 9781315702001-32Rauter R., Globocnik D., Perl-Vorbach E., Baumgartner R. J. (2019). Open innovation and its effects on economic and sustainability innovation performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 226—233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.03.004Rauter R., Globocnik D., Perl-Vorbach E., Baumgartner R. J. (2019). Open innovation and its effects on economic and sustainability innovation performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 226—233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2018.03.004Shi X., Wu Y., Fu D. (2020). Does university—industry collaboration improve innovation efficiency? Evidence from Chinese firms. Economic Modelling, Vol. 86, pp. 39—53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2019.05.004Shi X., Wu Y., Fu D. (2020). Does university—industry collaboration improve innovation efficiency? Evidence from Chinese firms. Economic Modelling, Vol. 86, pp. 39—53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2019.05.004Shore A., Tiwari M., Tandon P., Foropon C. (2024). Building entrepreneurial resilience during crisis using generative AI: An empirical study on SMEs. Technovation, Vol. 135, article 103063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2024.103063Shore A., Tiwari M., Tandon P., Foropon C. (2024). Building entrepreneurial resilience during crisis using generative AI: An empirical study on SMEs. Technovation, Vol. 135, article 103063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2024.103063Shukla R. (2020). Market structure, entry barriers, and firms’ R&D intensity: Panel data evidence from electronics goods sector in India. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 115—137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00308-1Shukla R. (2020). Market structure, entry barriers, and firms’ R&D intensity: Panel data evidence from electronics goods sector in India. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 115—137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00308-1Szücs F. (2018). Research subsidies, industry—university cooperation and innovation. Research Policy, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 1256—1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.009Szücs F. (2018). Research subsidies, industry—university cooperation and innovation. Research Policy, Vol. 47, No. 7, pp. 1256—1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.009Teece D. J. (1992). Competition, cooperation, and innovation. Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1—25. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812796929_0016Teece D. J. (1992). Competition, cooperation, and innovation. Organizational arrangements for regimes of rapid technological progress. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1—25. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812796929_0016Tseng F. C., Huang M. H., Chen D. Z. (2020). Factors of university—industry collaboration affecting university innovation performance. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 45, pp. 560—577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9656-6Tseng F. C., Huang M. H., Chen D. Z. (2020). Factors of university—industry collaboration affecting university innovation performance. Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol. 45, pp. 560—577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9656-6Unger M., Polt W. (2017). The knowledge triangle between research, education and innovation — A conceptual discussion. Foresight and STI Governance, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 10—26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81346-8_3Unger M., Polt W. (2017). The knowledge triangle between research, education and innovation — A conceptual discussion. Foresight and STI Governance, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 10—26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81346-8_3Wang Y., Hu R., Li W., Pan X. (2016). Does teaching benefit from university— industry collaboration? Investigating the role of academic commercialization and engagement. Scientometrics, Vol. 106, pp. 1037—1055. https://doi.org/10.1007s11192-015-1818-9Wang Y., Hu R., Li W., Pan X. (2016). Does teaching benefit from university— industry collaboration? Investigating the role of academic commercialization and engagement. Scientometrics, Vol. 106, pp. 1037—1055. https://doi.org/10.1007s11192-015-1818-9

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.