voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2024-10-142-155voprecotest-5028Research ArticleНАУЧНЫЕ СООБЩЕНИЯRESEARCH NOTESТрансформация парадигмы торговой политики: теоретический и институциональный аспектыTransformation of the trade policy paradigm: Theoretical and institutional aspectshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4845-6897БирюковаО. В.BiryukovaO. V.

Бирюкова Ольга Владимировна - к. э. н., доцент департамента мировой экономики, с. н. с. Центра комплексных европейских и международных исследований факультета мировой экономики и мировой политики НИУ ВШЭ.

Москва

Olga V. Biryukova.

Moscow

obiryukova@hse.ruНациональный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияHSE UniversityRussian Federation202404102024010142155Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20242024Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/5028

Система многостороннего торгового регулирования переживает эпоху трансформации. В течение долгого времени центральную роль в теориях международной торговли занимал функциональный подход в рамках неоклассической экономической школы. Его господство поддерживалось Всемирной торговой организацией (ВТО). Кризис ВТО, а также широкое применение мер торговой политики, не совместимых с духом Марракешского соглашения, ставят под сомнение главные принципы регулирования международной торговли. Ее теоретический базис и связанные с ней институты регулирования требуют системной перестройки. Современные тенденции нередко соответствуют логике положений политэкономии и институционализма, при анализе теорий международной торговли важно использовать результаты междисциплинарных исследований. Показано, что системное соперничество между странами не исключает возможность многостороннего сотрудничества для управления побочными эффектами торговой политики. Однако для сохранения актуальности ВТО ее члены должны признать, что международная торговля все больше связана с системной конкуренцией и зачастую служит инструментом достижения успеха той или иной страны.

The multilateral regulatory system is undergoing an era of transformation. For a long time, the central role in theories of international trade has been played by the functional approach, as a part of the neoclassical economic school. Its dominance has been supported by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO crisis, as well as the widespread use of trade policy measures that are incompatible with the spirit of the Marrakesh Agreement, question the relevance of the main principles for regulating international trade. Its theoretical basis and related regulatory institutions require systemic restructuring. Modern trends often fall into the logic of political economy and institutionalism; there is a growing need to expand interdisciplinary research when analyzing theories of international trade. The article shows that systemic rivalry between countries does not exclude the possibility of multilateral cooperation to manage the spillover effects of trade policies. However, in order to keep the WTO relevant, its members should recognize that international trade is increasingly linked to systemic competition and is often a tool for a nation’s success.

торговая политикатеории международной торговлиВсемирная торговая организацияурегулирование споровсубсидииэкспортные ограниченияtrade policyinternational trade theoriesWorld Trade Organizationdispute settlementsubsidiesexport restrictionsВ работе использованы результаты проекта «Трансформация парадигмы регулирования международной торговли в условиях санкций», выполненного в рамках программы исследований факультета мировой экономики и мировой политики НИУ ВШЭ в 2024 г.This article was prepared within the framework of the Research Program of the Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs at the HSE University.ReferencesАнаньин О. И. (2024). Экономическая наука: вызов фрагментации // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. С. 193—210. https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2024_2_193-210Ananyin O. I. (2024). Economic science: The challenge of fragmentation. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 2, pp. 193—210. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31737/22212264_2024_2_193-210Бирюкова О. В. (2013). Торговля услугами в Дохийском раунде: многостороннее соглашение для избранных? // Вестник международных организаций. № 2. С. 98—110.Biryukova O. V. (2013). Trade in services in Doha Round: A multilateral agreement for the chosen few? International Organisations Research Journal, No. 2, pp. 98—110. (In Russian).Бирюкова О. В. (2022). Вопросы национальной безопасности в торговой политике США // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. Т. 66, № 4. С. 26—34. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-26-34Biryukova O. V. (2022). National security issues in US trade policy. MEMO Journal, Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 26—34. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-26-34Бузгалин А. В., Глазьев С. Ю. (2022). Российское образование в области экономической теории: необходимо обновление // Российский экономический журнал. № 5. С. 4—21. https://doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-5-4-21Buzgalin A. V., Glazyev S. Y. (2022). Russian education in the field of economic theory: An update is needed. Russian Economic Journal, No. 5, pp. 4—21. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-5-4-21Глазатов М. В. (2022). Новые векторы развития права ВТО и отдельные вопросы применения инструмента субсидии // Актуальные проблемы российского права. Т. 17, № 5. С. 182—195. https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.138.5.182-195Glazatov M. V. (2022). New vectors of development of WTO law and certain issues of application of the subsidy instrument. Actual Problems of Russian Law, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 182—195. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2022.138.5.182-195Портанский А. П., Гальченко Е. А. (2021). 10 лет назад перед Россией открылись двери ВТО // Вестник международных организаций. Т. 16, № 3. С. 220—237. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-03-10Portansky A. P., Galchenko E. A. (2021). 10 years ago, the World Trade Organization opened its doors to Russia. International Organisations Research Journal, Vol. 16, No. 3, рр. 220—237. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-03-10Baldwin R. (2022). The peak globalisation myth: Part 1—4. VoxEU column. Available at: https://cepr.org/search?search=The+peak+globalisation+mythBaldwin R. (2022). The peak globalisation myth: Part 1—4. VoxEU column. Available at: https://cepr.org/search?search=The+peak+globalisation+mythBhagwati J. (1967). Non-economic objectives and the efficiency properties of trade. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 738—742. https://doi.org/10.1086/259347Bhagwati J. (1967). Non-economic objectives and the efficiency properties of trade. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 738—742. https://doi.org/10.1086/259347Bown C. P. (2023). Modern industrial policy and the WTO. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper, No. 23-15. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4816776Bown C. P. (2023). Modern industrial policy and the WTO. Peterson Institute for International Economics Working Paper, No. 23-15. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4816776Corden M. (1957). Tariffs, subsidies and the terms of trade. Economica, Vol. 24, No. 95, pp. 235—242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2551696Corden M. (1957). Tariffs, subsidies and the terms of trade. Economica, Vol. 24, No. 95, pp. 235—242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2551696Costinot A., Rodríguez-Clare A. (2014). Trade theory with numbers: Quantifying the consequences of globalization. In: G. Gopinath, E. Helpman, K. Rogoff (eds.). Handbook of international economics, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 197—261. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00004-5Costinot A., Rodríguez-Clare A. (2014). Trade theory with numbers: Quantifying the consequences of globalization. In: G. Gopinath, E. Helpman, K. Rogoff (eds.). Handbook of international economics, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 197—261. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54314-1.00004-5Evenett S. J. (2024). Can the WTO act as a bulwark against deglobalization? Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 42—57. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12447Evenett S. J. (2024). Can the WTO act as a bulwark against deglobalization? Asian Economic Policy Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 42—57. https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12447François J. F., Hoekman B. M., Nelson D. R. (2023). Trade and sustainable development: Non-economic objectives in the theory of economic policy. World Trade Review, Vol. 22, pp. 463—473. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147474562300006XFrançois J. F., Hoekman B. M., Nelson D. R. (2023). Trade and sustainable development: Non-economic objectives in the theory of economic policy. World Trade Review, Vol. 22, pp. 463—473. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147474562300006XGrigoryev L., Zharonkina D. (2024). China’s economy: Thirty years of surpassing development. International Organisations Research Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 176—200. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2024-01-08Grigoryev L., Zharonkina D. (2024). China’s economy: Thirty years of surpassing development. International Organisations Research Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 176—200. https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2024-01-08Grossman G., Helpman E. (2015). Globalization and growth. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 100—104. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151068Grossman G., Helpman E. (2015). Globalization and growth. American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings, Vol. 105, No. 5, pp. 100—104. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151068Haas P. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 1—35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300001442Haas P. (1992). Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination. International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 1—35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300001442Hoekman B. M., Mavroidis P. C., Nelson D. R. (2023). Geopolitical competition, globalisation and WTO reform. World Economy, Vol. 46, pp. 1163—1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13406Hoekman B. M., Mavroidis P. C., Nelson D. R. (2023). Geopolitical competition, globalisation and WTO reform. World Economy, Vol. 46, pp. 1163—1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13406Inkster N. (2020). The great decoupling: China, America, and the struggle for technological supremacy. London: Hurst Publishing.Inkster N. (2020). The great decoupling: China, America, and the struggle for technological supremacy. London: Hurst Publishing.Johnson H. (1960). The cost of protection and the scientific tariff. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 327—345. https://doi.org/10.1086/258340Johnson H. (1960). The cost of protection and the scientific tariff. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 327—345. https://doi.org/10.1086/258340Karhu А., Haaja Е. (eds.) (2022). Global trade and trade governance during deglobalization. Transforming trade policy for not-so-united world. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13757-0Karhu А., Haaja Е. (eds.) (2022). Global trade and trade governance during deglobalization. Transforming trade policy for not-so-united world. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13757-0Krugman P. (1979a). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 9, pp. 469—479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5Krugman P. (1979a). Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 9, pp. 469—479. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5Krugman P. (1979b). A model of balance-of-payments crises. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 11, pp. 311—325. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991793Krugman P. (1979b). A model of balance-of-payments crises. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 11, pp. 311—325. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991793Krugman P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, Vol. 70, pp. 950—959.Krugman P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, Vol. 70, pp. 950—959.Lipsey R. J., Lancaster K. (1956). The general theory of second best. The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 11—32. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296233Lipsey R. J., Lancaster K. (1956). The general theory of second best. The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 11—32. https://doi.org/10.2307/2296233List F. (1885). The national system of political economy. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Makarov I. (2023). Taxonomy of trade barriers: Five types of protectionism. Contemporary World Economy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 74—94. https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2023-1-1-74-94List F. (1885). The national system of political economy. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Makarov I. (2023). Taxonomy of trade barriers: Five types of protectionism. Contemporary World Economy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 74—94. https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2023-1-1-74-94Marshall A. (1920). Principles of economics. London: MacMillan.Marshall A. (1920). Principles of economics. London: MacMillan.Meade J. E. (1955). The theory of international economic policy, Vol. 2: Trade and Welfare. London: Oxford University Press.Meade J. E. (1955). The theory of international economic policy, Vol. 2: Trade and Welfare. London: Oxford University Press.Melitz M. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 1695—1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467Melitz M. (2003). The impact of trade on intra-industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, Vol. 71, No. 6, pp. 1695—1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467Mercurio B. (2024). The demise of globalization and rise of industrial policy: Caveat emptor. World Trade Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 242—250. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745623000496Mercurio B. (2024). The demise of globalization and rise of industrial policy: Caveat emptor. World Trade Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 242—250. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745623000496Pauwelyn J. (2023). The WTO’s Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA): What’s new? World Trade Review, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 693—701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745623000204Pauwelyn J. (2023). The WTO’s Multi-Party Interim Appeal Arbitration Arrangement (MPIA): What’s new? World Trade Review, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 693—701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745623000204Pigou A. (1920). The economics of welfare. London: Macmillan.Pigou A. (1920). The economics of welfare. London: Macmillan.Roberts A., Moraes H., Ferguson V. (2019). Toward a geoeconomic order in international trade and investment. Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 655—676. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz036Roberts A., Moraes H., Ferguson V. (2019). Toward a geoeconomic order in international trade and investment. Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 655—676. https://doi.org/10.1093/jiel/jgz036Timofeev I. N., Arapova E. Y., Nikitina Y. A. (2024). The illusion of “smart” sanctions: The Russian case. Russia in Global Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 156—178. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-2-156-178Timofeev I. N., Arapova E. Y., Nikitina Y. A. (2024). The illusion of “smart” sanctions: The Russian case. Russia in Global Affairs, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 156—178. https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-2-156-178USTR (2020). Report on the appellate body of the World Trade Organization. Washington, DC: Office of the United States Trade Representative.USTR (2020). Report on the appellate body of the World Trade Organization. Washington, DC: Office of the United States Trade Representative.Viner J. (1948). Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. World Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1—29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009156Viner J. (1948). Power versus plenty as objectives of foreign policy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. World Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1—29. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009156Williamson J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. In: J. Williamson (ed.). Latin American adjustment: How much has happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, pp. 7—20.Williamson J. (1990). What Washington means by policy reform. In: J. Williamson (ed.). Latin American adjustment: How much has happened? Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, pp. 7—20.Winters L. A. (2004). Trade liberalisation and economic performance: An overview. Economic Journal, Vol. 114, pp. F4—F21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00185.xWinters L. A. (2004). Trade liberalisation and economic performance: An overview. Economic Journal, Vol. 114, pp. F4—F21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.00185.xWolff A. (2023). Revitalizing the world trading system. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009289290Wolff A. (2023). Revitalizing the world trading system. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009289290WTO (2019). Russia — Measures concerning traffic in transit (Panel Report No. WT/ DS512/R). Geneva: World Trade Organization.WTO (2019). Russia — Measures concerning traffic in transit (Panel Report No. WT/ DS512/R). Geneva: World Trade Organization.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.