<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2012-11-4-23</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-477</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Как уменьшить силовое давление на бизнес в России?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>How to Reduce Violent Pressure on Business in Russia?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. э. н., директор Института анализа предприятий и рынков НИУ ВШЭ (Москва)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ayakovlev@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИУ ВШЭ (Москва)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2012</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/477">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/477</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются факторы усиления давления на бизнес в России со стороны правоохранительных структур. Показано, что данный феномен можно интерпретировать как проявление «деструктивного предпринимательства» в терминах У. Баумоля. С использованием концепции «порядков ограниченного доступа» Д. Норта и др. анализируются возможные механизмы ограничения насилия. Обоснована ключевая роль в этом процессе организаций, способных публично выражать и защищать консолидированные интересы предпринимателей. Исходя из проведенного анализа, предложены рекомендации по формированию адекватной системы стимулов для правоохранительных органов и развитию их взаимодействия с бизнесом и гражданским обществом.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The paper considers the factors explaining violent pressure of law enforcement agencies on businessmen in Russia in recent years. This phenomenon has been analyzed from the viewpoint of “destructive entrepreneurship” concept (Baumol, 1990) and “limited access order” framework (North et al., 2009). The paper stresses the key role of economic and political organizations in defending entrepreneurs’ interests. It proposes a number of policy recommendations on incentive system design for law enforcement agencies and development of their public communications with business and civil society organizations.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>продуктивное предпринимательство</kwd><kwd>деструктивное предпринимательство</kwd><kwd>порядки ограниченного доступа</kwd><kwd>переходная экономика</kwd><kwd>насилие</kwd><kwd>правоприменение</kwd><kwd>экономические организации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>productive entrepreneurship</kwd><kwd>destructive entrepreneurship</kwd><kwd>limited access order</kwd><kwd>violent pressure</kwd><kwd>transition economy</kwd><kwd>economic development</kwd><kwd>rule of law</kwd><kwd>law enforcement</kwd><kwd>economic organizations</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Буракова Л. (2012). Почему у Грузии получилось? М.: Фонд «Либеральная миссия», Издательство «Альпина Бизнес Букс».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burakova L. (2012). Why Georgia Could Do Iit? Moscow: Liberal Mission Foundation, Alpina Business Books Publisher.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков В. (2002). Силовое предпринимательство. СПб.: Летний сад.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V. (2002). Violent Entrepreneurship. Saint-Petersburg: Letniy Sad.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков В., Дмитриева А., Панеях Э., Поздняков М., Титаев К. (2011). Активность правоохранительных органов РФ по выявлению преступлений в сфере экономической деятельности, 2000—2011 гг.: Аналитическая записка / Институт проблем правоприменения. Ноябрь.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V. (2012). Extra Jus: Reform of the Vicious Circle // Vedomosti. May 25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Волков В., Панеях Э., Титаев К. (2010). Реформа МВД в России: четыре проблемы и восемь мер по их решению: Аналитическая записка / Институт проблем правоприменения. Июнь.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V., Dmitrieva A., Paneyakh E., Pozdnyakov M., Titaev K. (2011). The Activity of Law Enforcement Agencies of Russian Federation to Identify Crimes in the Area of Economic Activity, 2000— 2011. Analytical note of the Institute for the Rule of Law. November.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дзядко Ф., Краевская Л. (2012). Ваша честь. Юлия Сазонова, бывший мировой судья // Большой Город. № 10. С. 14—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V., Paneyakh E., Titaev K. Police Reform in Russia: Four Problems and Eight Measures to Address Them. Analytical note of the Institute for the Rule of Law. June.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.bg.ru/stories/10985/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzyadko F., Kraevskaya L. (2012). Your Honor. Yulia Sazonova, a Former Justice of Peace // Bolshoy Gorod. No 10. P. 14—17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жалинский А., Радченко В. (2011а). Уголовный закон: Большая имитация реформы // Ведомости. 23 июня.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhalinskiy A., Radchenko V. (2011a). Criminal Law: Big Imitation of Reforms // Vedomosti. June 23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жалинский А., Радченко В. (2011б). Уголовный закон: Политика изгнания бизнеса // Ведомости. 24 июня.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhalinskiy A., Radchenko V. (2011b). Criminal Law: Policy of Business Exile // Vedomosti. June 24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зимин А., Фалалеев Д. (2011). Как нам реорганизовать милицию? // Harvard Business Review. Russia. Янв.—февр.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimin A., Falaleev D. (2011). How Can We Reorganize the Police? // Harvard Business Review. Russia. January—February.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зингалес Л., Раджан Р. (2004). Спасение капитализма от капиталистов. М.: ИКСИ.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zingales L., Rajan R. Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists. M.: ICSI.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Морщакова Т., Радченко В., Новикова Е. (2012). Спасти бизнес от репрессий // Mосковские новости. 17 января.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morshchakova T., Radchenko V., Novikova E. (2012). To Rescue Business from Repressions // Moscow News. January 17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Норт Д., Уоллис Дж., Уэбб С., Вайнгаст Б. (2012). В тени насилия: уроки для обществ с ограниченным доступом к политической и экономической деятельности // Вопросы экономики. 2012. № 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D., Wallis J., Webb S., Weingast B. (2012). In the Shadow of Violence: Lessons for Limited Access Societies // Voprosy Ekonomiki. No 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панеях Э. (2011). Трансакционные эффекты плотного регулирования на стыках организаций (на примере российской правоохранительной системы) // Полития. № 2. C. 38—59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paneyakh E. (2011). Transaction Effects of Tight Control on Junctions between Organizations (The Case of the Russian Law Enforcement System) // Politiya. No 2. P. 38—59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панеях Э., Титаев К. (2011). От милиции к полиции: реформа системы оценки деятельности органов внутренних дел: Аналитическая записка / Институт проблем правоприменения. Март.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paneyakh E., Titaev K. (2011). From the Militsia to the Police: The Reform of the System of Evaluation in the Ministry of Interior. Analytical note of the Institute for the Rule of Law. March.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петров И. (2012). Пять принципов Колокольцева. «Дорожная карта» реформы МВД сделает из силовиков достойных членов общества // РБК-daily. 31 августа.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrov I. (2012). Five Principles of Kolokoltsev // RBC-Daily. August 31.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радаев В. (1998). Формирование новых российских рынков: трансакционные издержки, формы контроля и деловая этика. М.: Центр политических технологий, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Radaev V. (1998). Formation of New Russian Markets: Transaction Costs, Forms of Control and Business Ethics. Moscow: Center for Political Technologies.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рубченко М. (2012). За взятки лоббировать не буду (интервью с уполномоченным при президенте РФ по защите прав предпринимателей Б. Титовым) // Эксперт. № 26. С. 44—46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rubchenko M. (2012). Will not Lobby for a Bribe // Expert. No 26. P. 44—46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Симачев Ю., Радыгин А. (2005). Институт банкротства в России: особенности эволюции, проблемы и перспективы // Российский журнал менеджмента. Т. 3, № 2. С. 43—70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simachev Yu., Radygin A. (2005). The Institution of Bankruptcy in Russia: Specifics of Evolution, Problems and Perspectives // Russian Journal of Management. Vol. 3, No 2. P. 43—70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЦПЭИ (2009). Верховенство права и проблемы его обеспечения в правоприменительной практике: Международная коллективная монография / Под ред. Е. Новиковой. М.: Статут.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CPEI (2009). Rule of Law and Problems of Its Provision in Law Enforcement Practice / E. Novikova (ed.). Moscow: Statut.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ЦПЭИ (2011). Уголовная политика в сфере экономики: экспертные оценки. М.: Фонд «Либеральная миссия».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">CPEI (2011). Criminal Policy in Economic Sphere: Experts’ Evaluations. Moscow: Liberal Mission Foundation.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чапковский Ф., Нагибина Е. (2011). Милиция деградировала на моих глазах // Русский репортер. № 41. C. 26—35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chapkovsky F., Nagibina E. (2011). Police Degraded in My Eyes // Russian Reporter. No 41. P. 26—35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев А. (2003). Спрос на право в сфере корпоративного управления: эволюция стратегий экономических агентов // Вопросы экономики. № 4. C. 37—49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev A. (2003). Demand for Law in the Sphere of Corporate Governance: Evolution of Economic Actors’ Strategies // Voprosy Ekonomiki. No 4. P. 37—49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев А. (2005). Эволюция стратегий взаимодействия бизнеса и власти в российской экономике // Российский журнал менеджмента. Том 3, № 1. С. 27—52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev A. (2005). Evolution of Business—State Interaction Strategies in the Russian Economy // Russian Journal of Management. Vol. 3, No 1. P. 27—52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Яковлев А. (2011). Инвеступолномоченный и «красная кнопка» // Московские новости. 5 апреля.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev A. (2011). Investment Ombudsman and the “Red Button” // Moscow News. April 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avtonomov V. (2006). Balancing State, Market and Social Justice: Russian Experiences and Lessons to Learn // Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 66, No 1. Р. 3—9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avtonomov V. (2006). Balancing State, Market and Social Justice: Russian Experiences and Lessons to Learn // Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 66, No 1. Р. 3—9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumol W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 98, No 5. P. 893—921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumol W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 98, No 5. P. 893—921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhagwati J. N. (1982). Directly-Unproductive Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 90. P. 988—1002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhagwati J. N. (1982). Directly-Unproductive Profit-Seeking (DUP) Activities // Journal of Political Economy. Vol. 90. P. 988—1002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black B., Kraakman R., Tarassova A. (2000). Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong? // Stanford Law Review. Vol. 52, No 6. P. 1731—1808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black B., Kraakman R., Tarassova A. (2000). Russian Privatization and Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong? // Stanford Law Review. Vol. 52, No 6. P. 1731—1808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devlin M. (2010). Seizing the Reform Moment: Rebuilding Georgia’s Police, 2004—2006. Innovations for Successful Societies Project: Policy Note. Princeton University.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devlin M. (2010). Seizing the Reform Moment: Rebuilding Georgia’s Police, 2004—2006. Innovations for Successful Societies Project: Policy Note. Princeton University.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Puppo L. (2010). Police Reform in Georgia: Cracks in an Anti-corruption Success Story // U4 Practice Insight. No 2010:2 / Chr. Michelsen Institute.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Puppo L. (2010). Police Reform in Georgia: Cracks in an Anti-corruption Success Story // U4 Practice Insight. No 2010:2 / Chr. Michelsen Institute.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krueger A. O. (1974). The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society // American Economic Review. Vol. 64, No. 3. P. 291—303.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krueger A. O. (1974). The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society // American Economic Review. Vol. 64, No. 3. P. 291—303.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North D., Wallis J., Webb S., Weingast B. (2007). Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development // World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. No 4359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D., Wallis J., Webb S., Weingast B. (2007). Limited Access Orders in the Developing World: A New Approach to the Problems of Development // World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. No 4359.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North D., Wallis J. J., Weingast B. R. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D., Wallis J. J., Weingast B. R. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">North D., Wallis J. J., Webb S., Weingast B. R. (eds.) (2012). In the Shadow of Violence: The Problem of Development in Limited Access Societies. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">North D., Wallis J. J., Webb S., Weingast B. R. (eds.) (2012). In the Shadow of Violence: The Problem of Development in Limited Access Societies. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkov V. (1999). Violent Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Russia // Europe-Asia Studies. No 5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V. (1999). Violent Entrepreneurship in Post-Communist Russia // Europe-Asia Studies. No 5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volkov V. (2004). Hostile Enterprise Takeovers: Russia’s Economy in 1998—2002 // Review of Central and East European Law. No 4. P. 527—548.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V. (2004). Hostile Enterprise Takeovers: Russia’s Economy in 1998—2002 // Review of Central and East European Law. No 4. P. 527—548.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakovlev A. (2006). The Evolution of Business—State Interaction in Russia: From State Capture to Business Capture // Europe—Asia Studies. Vol. 58, No 7. P. 1033—1056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev A. (2006). The Evolution of Business—State Interaction in Russia: From State Capture to Business Capture // Europe—Asia Studies. Vol. 58, No 7. P. 1033—1056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakovlev A., Avraamova E. (2008). Public Attitudes toward Business in Contemporary Russia: Influence of Economic Policy and Opportunities for Corporate Response // Post-Communist Economies. Vol. 20, No 3. P. 263—286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakovlev A., Avraamova E. (2008). Public Attitudes toward Business in Contemporary Russia: Influence of Economic Policy and Opportunities for Corporate Response // Post-Communist Economies. Vol. 20, No 3. P. 263—286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
