<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2023-5-50-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-4464</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА ОТРАСЛЕВЫХ РЫНКОВ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Институциональный  ответ на технологические изменения в сфере телекоммуникаций</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Institutional response after technological changes in telecommunications</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-069X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаститко</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shastitko</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шаститко Андрей Евгеньевич, доктор экономических наук, проф., завкафедрой конкурентной и промышленной политики экономического факультета МГУ, директор Центра исследований конкуренции и экономического регулирования РАНХиГС</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey E. Shastitko</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aeshastitko@econ.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0387-6836</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ионкина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ionkina</surname><given-names>К. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ионкина Карина Александровна, научный сотрудник кафедры конкурентной и промышленной политики экономического факультета МГУ, младший научный сотрудник Центра исследований конкуренции и экономического регулирования РАНХиГС</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karina A. Ionkina </p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">k.ionkina757@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова;&#13;
Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University;&#13;
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4464">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4464</self-uri><abstract><p>В случае быстрых и значительных изменений на стороне объекта регулирования может нарушиться сложившийся баланс в правоприменении, что требует от субъекта регулирования найти институциональный ответ на возникающие вызовы. Наглядным примером служит сфера телекоммуникаций, из-за технологических изменений в которой за последние 15—20 лет возникла необходимость скорректировать подходы к применению инструментов антимонопольной политики для защиты конкуренции. В статье обозначены рамки дискуссии по поводу выбора структурной альтернативы для сферы телекоммуникаций (институциональных рамок функционирования данной отрасли). Выделены варианты институциональной реакции на вызовы: отказ от регулирования (в том числе мораторий на применение регулирующих мер), замещение антитраста регулированием, перенастройка антимонопольной политики с учетом существующих ограничений на стороне регулятора. Решения на основе идей австрийской школы и пигувианства легче обосновать и принять в рамках общественных дискуссий. Вот почему наиболее привлекательным вариантом в сфере публичной политики выступает регулирование, или отказ от антитраста, а не коузианский подход, наиболее требовательный к знанию предмета регулирования, а также к ограничениям — ресурсным и по стимулам — на стороне регулятора. Вместе с тем последний вариант обеспечивает большее разнообразие инструментария как условие адаптационной эффективности системы регулирования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Imbalances in law enforcement require some alternatives for an institutional response to challenges. Telecommunications is an example industry where technological changes in the environment condition the need to adjust approaches for implementing antitrust tools for competition protection. The article deals with the discussion regarding the choice of structural alternatives for the framework of telecommunications (the institutional framework of this industry). The paper reveals the characteristics of competing alternatives: deregulation (regulation “pending”), economic regulation, reconfiguration of antitrust taking into account the limitations on the side of the regulator. It is shown that the solutions proposed on the basis of the Austrian school of economics and Pigouvian ideas are easily accessible in the framework of public discussions. This is why the economic regulation or deregulation are the most promising directions in the field of public policy. The Coasian approach requires better knowledge of the subject and allows to take into account the limitations on the side of the regulator, however, it is not likely to be accepted. At the same time, this approach provides a wider range of tools as a condition for the adaptive effectiveness of regulation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антитраст</kwd><kwd>институты</kwd><kwd>коузианство</kwd><kwd>пигувианство</kwd><kwd>регуляторный фундаментализм</kwd><kwd>австрийская школа</kwd><kwd>телекоммуникации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>antitrust</kwd><kwd>institutions</kwd><kwd>Pigouvian approach</kwd><kwd>regulatory fundamentalism</kwd><kwd>Austrian economics</kwd><kwd>Coasian approach</kwd><kwd>telecommunications</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках научно-исследовательской работы государственного задания РАНХиГС</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева С. Б., Курдин А. А. (2013). Задачи торговых политик частных компаний как инструмента регулирования и развития конкуренции: мировой опыт и попытка прогноза // Экономическая политика. № 5. С. 106—126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. B., Kurdin A. A. (2013). Objectives of trade policies of private companies as an instrument of regulation and competition: World experience and attempt to forecast. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, No. 5, pp. 106—126. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдашева С. Б., Юсупова Г. Ф., Корнеева Д. В. (2022). Конкурентное законодательство в отношении цифровых платформ: между антитрастом и регулированием // Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления. № 3. С. 61—86. https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-3-61-86</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. B., Yusupova G. F., Korneeva D. V. (2022). Competition legislation towards digital platforms: Choice between antitrust and regulation. Public Administration Issues, No. 3, pp. 61—86. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-3-61-86</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арментано Д. Т. (2005). Антитраст против конкуренции. М.: Альпина Бизнес Букс.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Armentano D. T. (2005). Antitrust and monopoly: Anatomy of policy failure. Moscow: Alpina Business Books. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гринспен А. (2007). Антимонопольное регулирование // Экономическая политика. № 3. С. 1—7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenspan A. (2007). Antitrust regulation. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, No. 3, pp. 1—7. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коуз Р. (1993). Фирма, рынок и право. М.: Дело.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coase R. (1993). The firm, the market, and the law. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков В. (2003). Влияние российского антимонопольного законодательства на экономическое развитие // Вопросы экономики. № 9. С. 33—48. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-9-33-48</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov V. (2003). The influence of the Russian antitrust legislation on economic development. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 9, pp. 33—48. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-9-33-48</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новиков В. (2004). О праве собственности на внешние эффекты // Вопросы экономики. № 1. С. 141—146. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-1-141-146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novikov V. (2004). On the right of property on externalities. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 1, рр. 141—146. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-1-141-146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Павлова Н. С., Шаститко А. Е., Ионкина К. А. (2019). Экономические основания изменений тарификации услуг связи: цифровой бизнес в «аналоговой» регуляторной среде? // Вестник Московского университета. Сер. 6: Экономика. № 6. С. 79—98. https://doi.org/10.38050/01300105201967</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlova N. S., Shastitko A. E., Ionkina K. A. (2019). Economic framework of tariffs’ determination in telecommunication services: A digital business in an “analogue” environment? Moscow University Economics Bulletin, No. 6, pp. 79—98. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.38050/01300105201967</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пигу А. С. (1985). Экономическая теория благосостояния. М.: Прогресс.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pigou A. C. (1985). The economics of welfare. Moscow: Progress. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полтерович В. М. (2007). Элементы теории реформ. М.: Экономика.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polterovich V. M. (2007). Elements of the theory of reform. Moscow: Ekonomika. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тамбовцев В. Л. (2005). Экономическая теория институциональных изменений. М.: Теис.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tambovtsev V. L. (2005). Economic theory of institutional change. Moscow: Teis. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трубников Д. А. (2019). Дерегулирование европейских коммуникаций: роль частных интересов // Экономическая политика. Т. 14, № 4. С. 142—165. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2019-4-142-165</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubnikov D. A. (2019). Deregulation of European telecommunications: The role of private interests. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 142—165. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2019-4-142-165</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трубников Д. А., Трубникова Е. И. (2019). Некоторые аспекты регулирования телекоммуникаций: общественный интерес и структура телекоммуникационных рынков // Инфокоммуникационные технологии. Т. 17, № 2. С. 233—240. https://doi.org/10.18469/ikt.2019.17.2.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubnikov D. A., Trubnikova E. I. (2019). Some aspects of telecommunications industry: The public interest and the structure of telecommunications markets. Infokommunikatsionnye Tehnologii, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 233—240. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18469/ikt.2019.17.2.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хайек Ф. фон (1989). Конкуренция как процедура открытия // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. № 12. С. 5—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayek F. von (1989). Competition as a discovery procedure. World Eсonomy and International Relations, No. 12, pp. 5—17. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халл Г. (ред.) (2008). Об отмене антимонопольного законодательства в США. М.: Эком Паблишерз.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall G. (ed.) (2008). The abolition of antitrust. Moscow: Ekom Publishers. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. (2003). Выплескивая воду, не забудьте про ребенка! (о соотношении антимонопольной политики и экономического развития) // Вопросы экономики. № 12. С. 111—119. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-12-111-119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. (2003). Pouring water out of the tub, do not forget the baby! (On the correlation of antimonopoly policy and economic development). Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 12, pp. 111—119. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2003-12-111-119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. (2004). Реформа антимонопольного регулирования в России: повестка дня и дизайн дискуссии // Вопросы экономики. № 3. С. 140—148. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-3-140-147</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. (2004). Reforming antimonopoly regulation in Russia: Agenda and design of discussion. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 3, pp. 140—148. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2004-3-140-147</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2010). Новая институциональная экономическая теория. 4-е изд. М.: Теис.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2010). New institutional economics. 4th ed. Moscow: Teis. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2011). Ошибки I и II рода в экономических обменах с участием третьей стороны-гаранта // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 10. С. 125—148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2011). Errors of I and II types in economic exchanges with third party enforcement. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 10, pp. 125—148. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е. (2013). Экономические эффекты ошибок в правоприменении и правоустановлении. М.: Дело.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E. (2013). The economic effects of errors in law enforcement. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Дозмаров К. В. (2022). Экономическая экспертиза в административном антимонопольном процессе // Вопросы теоретической экономики. № 4. С. 46—56. https://doi.org/10.52342/2587-7666VTE_2022_4_46_56</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Dozmarov K. V. (2022). Economic expertise in the administrative antitrust process. Voprosy Teoreticheskoy Ekonomiki, No. 4, pp. 46—56. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.52342/2587-7666VTE_2022_4_46_56</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Ионкина К. А. (2021). Химера отечественного антитраста: институт коллективного доминирования в России // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 68—88. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-7-68-88</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Ionkina K. A. (2021). Chimera of domestic antitrust: Institution of collective dominance in Russia. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 68—88. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-7-68-88</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Павлова Н. С. (2019). Услуги в комплексе: определение продуктовых границ рынка в мобильной связи // Экономическая политика. Т. 14, № 4. С. 120—141. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2019-4-120-141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Pavlova N. S. (2019). Complex services: Product market definition in mobile communications. Ekonomicheskaya Politika, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 120—141. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2019-4-120-141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Павлова Н. С. (2021). Антиконкурентные последствия антимонопольной политики: кейс мобильных операторов // Вопросы государственного и муниципального управления. № 2. С. 7—33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Pavlova N. S. (2021). Anticompetitive consequences of antitrust policy: The case of mobile operators. Public Administration Issues, No. 2, pp. 7—33. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шаститко А. Е., Павлова Н. С. (2022). Коузианство против пигувианства: идеи, ценности, перспективы // Вопросы экономики. № 1. С. 23—46. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A. E., Pavlova N. S. (2022). Pigouvian vs. Coasian approach: Ideas, values, perspectives. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 1, pp. 23—46. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эшби У. Р. (1959). Введение в кибернетику. М.: Иностранная литература.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ashby W. R. (1959). Introduction to cybernetics. Moscow.: Inostrannaya Literatura. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Avdasheva S. B., Golovanova S. V. (2020). Concerted practice enforcement in Russia: How judicial review shapes the standards of evidence and number of enforcement targets. Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 239—257. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.63.51277</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdasheva S. B., Golovanova S. V. (2020). Concerted practice enforcement in Russia: How judicial review shapes the standards of evidence and number of enforcement targets. Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 239—257. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.63.51277</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bresnahan T. F. (1982). The oligopoly solution concept is identified. Economics Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1—2, pp. 87—92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(82)90121-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bresnahan T. F. (1982). The oligopoly solution concept is identified. Economics Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1—2, pp. 87—92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(82)90121-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boudreaux D. J., Di Lorenzo T. J. (1993). The protectionist roots of antitrust. Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81—96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00842705</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boudreaux D. J., Di Lorenzo T. J. (1993). The protectionist roots of antitrust. Review of Austrian Economics, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 81—96. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00842705</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Easterbrook F. (1984). The limits of antitrust. Texas Law Review, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 1—40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Easterbrook F. (1984). The limits of antitrust. Texas Law Review, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 1—40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eggertsson T. (2005). Imperfect institutions: Possibilities and limits of reform (Economics, cognition, and society). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.91126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eggertsson T. (2005). Imperfect institutions: Possibilities and limits of reform (Economics, cognition, and society). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.91126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans J. S. B. T., Frankish K. E. (eds.) (2009). In two minds: Dual processes and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans J. S. B. T., Frankish K. E. (eds.) (2009). In two minds: Dual processes and beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230167.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayek F. A. (2002). Competition as a discovery procedure. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 9—23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12113-002-1029-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayek F. A. (2002). Competition as a discovery procedure. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 9—23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12113-002-1029-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helpman E., Trajtenberg M. (1998). Diffusion of general purpose technologies. In: E. Helpman (ed.). General purpose technologies and economic growth. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 1—46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helpman E., Trajtenberg M. (1998). Diffusion of general purpose technologies. In: E. Helpman (ed.). General purpose technologies and economic growth. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 1—46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kahneman D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kahneman D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsoulacos Y., Avdasheva S., Benetatou K., Golovanova S., Makri G. (2021). Comparing the role of economics/effects-based in antitrust enforcement and its relation to the judicial review in the EC to other countries. Journal of European Competition Law &amp; Practice, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 122—142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpab003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsoulacos Y., Avdasheva S., Benetatou K., Golovanova S., Makri G. (2021). Comparing the role of economics/effects-based in antitrust enforcement and its relation to the judicial review in the EC to other countries. Journal of European Competition Law &amp; Practice, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 122—142. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpab003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsoulacos Y., Ulph D. (2009). On optimal legal standards for competition policy: A general welfare-based analysis. Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 410—437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2009.00393.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsoulacos Y., Ulph D. (2009). On optimal legal standards for competition policy: A general welfare-based analysis. Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 410—437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2009.00393.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsoulacos Y. (2022). Why legal standards in antitrust enforcement in developing jurisdictions should differ from those in mature jurisdictions: A decision-theoretic approach. BRICS Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1—19. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e81036</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsoulacos Y. (2022). Why legal standards in antitrust enforcement in developing jurisdictions should differ from those in mature jurisdictions: A decision-theoretic approach. BRICS Journal of Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 1—19. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e81036</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan L. (2018). The new Brandeis movement: America’s antimonopoly debate. Journal of European Competition Law &amp; Practice, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 131—132. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpy020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan L. (2018). The new Brandeis movement: America’s antimonopoly debate. Journal of European Competition Law &amp; Practice, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 131—132. https:// doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpy020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morewedge C. K., Kahneman D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 435—440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morewedge C. K., Kahneman D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 435—440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motta M. (2004). Competition policy. Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motta M. (2004). Competition policy. Theory and practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robertson V. H. S. E. (2022). Antitrust, big tech, and democracy: A research agenda. Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 259—279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X221082749</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robertson V. H. S. E. (2022). Antitrust, big tech, and democracy: A research agenda. Antitrust Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 259—279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003603X221082749</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schumpeter J. A. (1943). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper &amp; Collins.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumpeter J. A. (1943). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper &amp; Collins.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shapiro C. (2018). Antitrust in a time of populism. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 61, pp. 714—748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2018.01.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shapiro C. (2018). Antitrust in a time of populism. International Journal of Industrial Organization, Vol. 61, pp. 714—748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2018.01.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shastitko A., Golovanova S. (2016). Meeting blindly… Is Austrian economics useful for dynamic capabilities theory? Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 86—110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2016.04.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shastitko A., Golovanova S. (2016). Meeting blindly… Is Austrian economics useful for dynamic capabilities theory? Russian Journal of Economics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 86—110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ruje.2016.04.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trubnikov D. (2017). Analysing the impact of regulation on disruptive innovations: The case of wireless technology. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 339—420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-016-0243-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubnikov D. (2017). Analysing the impact of regulation on disruptive innovations: The case of wireless technology. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 339—420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-016-0243-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trubnikov D. (2020). The Russian telecommunications experience: A positive outcome of the competitive order in the industry. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 35—58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00304-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubnikov D. (2020). The Russian telecommunications experience: A positive outcome of the competitive order in the industry. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 35—58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-019-00304-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williamson O. E. (1996). Transaction cost economics and the Carnegie connection. Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 149—155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(96)00898-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williamson O. E. (1996). Transaction cost economics and the Carnegie connection. Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 149—155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2681(96)00898-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu T. (2019). The Utah Statement: Reviving antimonopoly traditions for the era of big tech. OneZero, November 18. https://onezero.medium.com/the-utah-statement-reviving-antimonopoly-traditions-for-the-era-of-big-tech-e6be198012d7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu T. (2019). The Utah Statement: Reviving antimonopoly traditions for the era of big tech. OneZero, November 18. https://onezero.medium.com/the-utah-statement-reviving-antimonopoly-traditions-for-the-era-of-big-tech-e6be198012d7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
