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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2023-7-115-141</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-4132</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИСТОРИЯ И ИСТОРИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMIC HISTORY AND HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Долгосрочное влияние экстрактивных и инклюзивных институтов на деловую активность в регионах  России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Long-term effects of extractive and inclusive institutions on entrepreneurship persistence in Russian regions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Земцов</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zemtsov</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Земцов Степан Петрович - кандидат географических наук, директор  Центра экономической  географии и регионалистики Института прикладных экономических исследований (ИПЭИ) РАНХиГС; преподаватель кафедры экономической и социальной географии России  географического факультета МГУ.</p><p>Москва</p><p>IstinaResearcherID (IRID): 2333938; ResearcherID: F-6061-2013; Scopus Author ID: 56545702000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stepan P. Zemtsov.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zemtsov@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9204-0362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Царева Юлия Викторовна – научный сотрудник Международной лаборатории исследования проблем  устойчивого  развития ИПЭИ РАНХиГС.</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia V. Tsareva.</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tsareva-yv@ranepa.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ; Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration; Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>141</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4132">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4132</self-uri><abstract><p>Некоторые институты  могут ограничивать или стимулировать деловую активность  населения на протяжении столетий, что сказывается на долгосрочном  экономическом росте. Для  оценки  подобного  влияния на уровне регионов России собраны и обработаны исторические данные о распределении крепостных, создании  университетов и о деловой  активности  за более чем вековой период. Под последней  понимаются  различные прямые  и косвенные оценки вовлеченности населения в предпринимательство: купечество, нэпманы, кооперативы, малый  бизнес  и др. Хотя  география деловой  активности постоянно  менялась, могут быть выделены  относительно устойчивые  центры (Москва, Санкт-Петербург, юг Дальнего Востока) и периферия (некоторые регионы  Северного  Кавказа, Центрального Черноземья и Поволжья). Эконометрические расчеты  подтверждают наличие  связи  между  современной плотностью  малого  бизнеса  в регионах  России  и плотностью  кооперативов в позднесоветский период;  однозначно установить  связь  с занятостью в торговле  в период  нэпа не удалось, а связь  с плотностью  торговых  предприятий  к 1970­-м годам исчезает  по мере укрепления плановой  экономики. Связь  с купечеством  неоднозначная: только  в некоторых регионах  подобная предпринимательская культура не была  утрачена. Выделены три основных канала  влияния исторического уровня  деловой  активности  на современный: географический, функциональный и социокультурный. Согласно  расчетам, более раннее  возникновение университетов способствовало распространению деловой  культуры в регионах  и могло стимулировать появление более инклюзивных институтов, а крепостное  право  как  экстрактивный институт могло ограничивать стимулы к предпринимательству. Даже  после кардинальной смены политического и экономического режима  влияние  институтов  на деловую  активность  может сохраняться.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Some institutions can restrict or stimulate the  business activity, which affects long­term economic  growth. To assess this  influence on regional level, we have collected and processed  historical data on the  distribution of serfs, the  creation of universities, and  business  activity over  more  than a century. By business activity, we mean various  direct and  indirect assessments of the  involvement of the  population in entrepreneurial activity: merchants, NEPmen, cooperatives, small businesses, etc. Although the  geography of business  activity has constantly changed, we can  identify  relatively stable centers  (Moscow,  St. Petersburg, the  south  of the  Far Eastern Russia) and the  periphery (some regions of the  North Caucasus, the Central  Black   Earth  and   the Volga   regions).  Econometric calculations confirm  the  existence of a relationship between the  current density of small businesses  in the  Russian  regions and the  density of cooperatives in the  late Soviet period; the  relationship with  the  density of retail enterprises disappears by the 1970s as the planned economy  strengthens. But the relationship  with the  merchant class is ambiguous: only  in some regions  did  the  entrepreneurial culture manage  to survive  the  Soviet period. We distinguish three  main channels of  influence of  the historical level  of  business  activity on  the  modern  one: geographical, functional, and  socio­cultural.  According to the calculations, the  earlier  emergence  of universities in the  regions  contributed to the  spread  of business  culture and could stimulate the  emergence  of more inclusive institutions, but serfdom, as an extractive institution, on the  contrary, could  limit incentives for entrepreneurship. Even  after a radical change  in the  political and  economic regime, the  influence of extractive institutions on business  activity may persist, and  inclusive institutions take a significant amount of time to take root.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>предпринимательство</kwd><kwd>персистентность</kwd><kwd>укорененность</kwd><kwd>малый  и средний  бизнес</kwd><kwd>университеты</kwd><kwd>крепостное  право</kwd><kwd>регионы  России</kwd><kwd>купцы</kwd><kwd>НЭП</kwd><kwd>Российская империя</kwd><kwd>СССР</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>entrepreneurship</kwd><kwd>persistence</kwd><kwd>path dependence</kwd><kwd>embeddedness</kwd><kwd>small  and  medium  business</kwd><kwd>universities</kwd><kwd>serfdom</kwd><kwd>merchants</kwd><kwd>Russian  regions</kwd><kwd>NEP</kwd><kwd>Russian  Empire</kwd><kwd>USSR</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа  выполнена в рамках  госзадания РАНХиГС. Авторы благодарят В.Л. Бабурина, А.Ю. 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