<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2023-3-126-157</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-4120</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИОННЫЙ КЛУБ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DEBATING SOCIETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Монетизация экономики: показатель, который ничего не показывает</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The monetization of economy: An indicator that indicates nothing</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-6023</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горюнов</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryunov</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горюнов Евгений Львович, кандидат экономических наук; старший научный сотрудник Института Гайдара; доцент кафедры макроэкономики Института экономики; математики и информационных технологий РАНХиГС; доцент кафедры торговой политики Института торговой политики НИУ ВШЭ</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eugene L. Goryunov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgeni.goryunov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт экономической политики имени Е. Т. Гайдара; &#13;
Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте РФ;&#13;
Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy;&#13;
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration;&#13;
HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>158</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4120">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4120</self-uri><abstract><p>Показатель монетизации экономики применяется для оценки эффективности проводимой монетарной политики и часто используется при межстрановых сравнениях. Недостаточная монетизация российской экономики считается препятствием для динамичного развития; поэтому ее повышение необходимо сделать приоритетом политики Банка России. В результате эмпирической проверки выявлено; что показатель монетизации не несет дополнительной релевантной информации о состоянии экономики по сравнению с другими показателями.  Высокая  монетизация  не  стимулирует  экономический  рост; а возможности  центральных  банков  влиять  на  монетизацию  ограничены. В странах с низкой монетизацией инфляционные риски монетарной экспансии существенно выше. Проведенное эмпирическое исследование дает аргументы против широкого использования показателя монетизации в макроэкономическом анализе и ставит под сомнение целесообразность возложения на Банк России задачи повысить уровень монетизации российской экономики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The indicator of monetization of the economy; equal to the ratio of nominal money supply to nominal GDP; is very popular among Russian economists and is used to assess the effectiveness of the monetary policy pursued and is often employed in cross-country comparisons. Many economists believe that the monetization of the Russian economy is excessively low; which reflects the underdevelopment of the national financial system and requires steps towards monetary expansion. According to this view insufficient monetization of the Russian economy is as an obstacle to its rapid development; therefore increase in monetization should be made a key priority of the Bank of Russia’s policy. Although widely accepted; the complex of theories; ideas and assumptions behind these recommendations; however; has never been adequately empirically tested. In this paper we formulate several statements that are shared by the majority of economists in this area; based on a review of relevant publications; and then test the statements on cross-country data. As a result of empirical testing; it was shown that most of the statements are not supported by evidence. The monetization indicator does not carry any additional relevant information about the macroeconomics conditions; having other indicators considered. High monetization does not create additional stimulus for economic growth; and the ability of central banks to affect monetization is limited significantly. In countries with low monetization; inflationary risks of monetary expansion are sharply higher. The conducted empirical study provides arguments against the broad use of the monetization indicator in macroeconomic analysis and casts doubt on the idea of laying responsibility for increasing the level of Russian economy monetization on the Bank of Russia.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>монетизация</kwd><kwd>денежное предложение</kwd><kwd>денежно-кредитная политика</kwd><kwd>экономический рост</kwd><kwd>инфляция</kwd><kwd>гетеродоксальный подход</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>monetization</kwd><kwd>money supply</kwd><kwd>monetary policy</kwd><kwd>economic growth</kwd><kwd>inflation</kwd><kwd>heterodox approach</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абрамова М. А., Дубова С. Е., Красавина Л. Н., Лаврушин О. И., Масленников В. В. (2016). Ключевые аспекты современной денежно-кредитной политики России: мнение экспертов // Экономика. Налоги. Право. Т. 9, № 1. С. 6—15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abramova M. A., Dubova S. E., Krasavina L. N., Lavrushin O. I., Maslennikov V. V. (2016). Key aspects of the modern Russian monetary policy: Еxpert opinion. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 6—15. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аганбегян А. Г. (2015). Размышления о финансовом форсаже (по мотивам книги «Финансовые стратегии модернизации экономики: мировая практика») // Деньги и кредит. № 8. С. 5—10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aganbegyan A. G. (2015). Reflections on financial boosting (On the motives of the book “Financial strategies for economic modernisation: Global practice”). Russian Journal of Money and Finance, Vol. 8, pp. 5—10. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Александрова Л. С., Захарова О. В. (2020). Деятельность Банка России и проблемы монетизации национальной экономики // Экономика. Бизнес. Банки. № 10. С. 48—59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandrova L. S., Zakharova O. V. (2020). Bank of Russia activities and problems of monetization of the national economy. Ekonomika. Biznes. Banki, No. 10, pp. 48—59. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баликоев В. З. (2017). Уровень монетизации экономики России: поиск оптимума // Вестник НГУЭУ. № 1. С. 118—133. [Balikoev V. Z. (2017). The level of monetization of the Russian economy: Searching for optimum. Vestnik NSUEM, No. 1, pp. 118—133. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balikoev V. Z. (2017). The level of monetization of the Russian economy: Searching for optimum. Vestnik NSUEM, No. 1, pp. 118—133. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белянин А. В., Бессонов В. А. (2011). О российской экономической науке и научном сообществе // Экономический журнал ВШЭ. Т. 15, № 2. С. 265—267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belyanin A. V., Bessonov V. A. (2011). On the Russian economic science and scientific community. HSE Economic Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 265—267. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гамза В. А. (2007). Россия и Китай: анализ денежной сферы // Финансы и кредит. № 3. С. 13—18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gamza V. A. (2007). Russia and China: An analysis of the monetary domain. Finance and Credit, No. 3, pp. 13—18. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазьев С. Ю., Горидько Н. П., Нижегородцев Р. М. (2016). Критика формулы Ирвинга Фишера и иллюзии современной монетарной политики // Экономика и математические методы. Т. 52, № 4. С. 3—23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyev S. Y., Goridko N. P., Nizhegorodtsev R. M. (2016). The critics of Irving Fisher’s formula and some illusions about contemporary monetary policy. Economics and Mathematical Methods, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 3—23. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазьев С. Ю., Архипова В. В. (2018). Оценка влияния санкций и других кризисных факторов на состояние российской экономики // Российский экономический журнал. № 1. С. 3—29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyev S. Y., Arkhipova V. V. (2018). Sanctions and other crisis factors impact assessment on the Russian economy’s state. Russian Economic Journal, No. 1, pp. 3—29. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазьев С. Ю. (2019). В очередной раз — на те же грабли? (Особое мнение члена Национального финансового совета о проекте «Основных направлений единой государственной денежно-кредитной политики на 2020 год и период 2021—2022 годов» Банка России) // Российский экономический журнал. № 6. С. 3—25. https://doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2019-6-3-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazyev S. Y. (2019). Once again — on the same rake? (Special opinion of the NSF member on the draft “Main directions if the unified state monetary policy for 2020 and the period 2021—2022” of the Bank of Russia). Russian Economic Journal, No. 6, pp. 3—25. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2019-6-3-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горюнов Е., Трунин П. (2013). Банк России на перепутье: нужно ли смягчать денежнокредитную политику? // Вопросы экономики. № 6. С. 29—44. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-6-29-44</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goryunov E., Trunin P. (2013). Bank of Russia at the cross-roads: Should monetary policy be eased? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 6, pp. 29—44. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-6-29-44</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горюнов Е., Дробышевский С., Трунин П. (2015). Денежно-кредитная политика Банка России: стратегия и тактика // Вопросы экономики. № 4. С. 53—85. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-4-53-85</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goryunov E., Drobyshevsky S., Trunin P. (2015). Monetary policy of Bank of Russia: Strategy and tactics. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 4, pp. 53—85. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2015-4-53-85</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горюнов Е. Л., Дробышевский С. М., Мау В. А., Трунин П. В. (2021). Что мы (не) знаем об эффективности инструментов ДКП в современном мире? // Вопросы экономики. № 2. С. 5—34. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-2-5-34</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goryunov E. L., Drobyshevsky S. M., Mau V. A., Trunin P. V. (2021). What do we (not) know about the effectiveness of the monetary policy tools in the modern world? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 2, pp. 5—34. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-2-5-34</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Григорьев Л. (2017). Два дискурса в российской экономической науке // Вопросы экономики. № 9. С. 135—158. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-9-135-158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigoryev L. (2017). Two discourses in Russian economic science. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 9, pp. 135—158. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-9-135-158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грищенко В. О. (2018). Денежный мультипликатор в контексте современных представлений о создании денег: теория и факты // Вопросы экономики. № 11. С. 50—69. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-50-69</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishchenko V. O. (2018). Money multiplier in the context of modern views on money creation: Theory and facts. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 11, pp. 50—69. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2018-11-50-69</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Греков И. Е. (2006). Об определении монетизации экономики и ее оптимальном уровне // Управление общественными и экономическими системами. № 1. С. 4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grekov I. E. (2006). On determination of monetization of economy and its optimal level. Upravlenie Оbschestvennymi i Ekonomicheskimi Sistemami, No. 1, p. 4. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Даровский И. (2017). От стагфляции к устойчивому росту: императивы российской макроэкономической политики // Экономическая политика. Т. 12, № 3. С. 38—79. https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2017-3-02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darovskii I. (2017). From stagflation to sustainable economic growth: Imperatives of Russian macroeconomic policy. Ekonomicheskaya Рolitika, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 38—79. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18288/1994-5124-2017-3-02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Делягин М. (1996). Как отличить жесткую финансовую политику от мягкой // Эксперт. № 31. С. 13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delyagin M. (1996). How to distinguish tight financial policy from the loose one. Ekspert, No. 31, p. 13. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершов М. (2014). Какая экономическая политика нужна России в условиях санкций? // Вопросы экономики. № 12. С. 37—53. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-12-37-53</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershov M. (2014). What economic policy does Russia need under sanctions? Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 12, pp. 37—53. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2014-12-37-53</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершов М. В., Танасова А. С., Соколова Е. Ю. (2020). Повышение значимости государственных подходов к управлению для обеспечения устойчивых основ экономического роста // Управленец. Т. 11, № 6. С. 15—27. https://doi.org/10.29141/2218-5003-2020-11-6-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershov M. V., Tanasova A. S., Sokolova E. Y. (2020). Strengthening the role of public governance approaches to ensure sustainable economic growth. Upravlenets — The Manager, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 15—27. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.29141/2218-5003-2020-11-6-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершов М. В., Татузов В. Ю., Урьева Е. Д. (2013). Инфляция и монетизация экономики // Деньги и кредит. № 4. С. 7—12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershov M. V., Tatuzov V. Y., Urieva E. D. (2013). Inflation and monetization. Russian Journal of Money and Finance, No. 4, pp. 7—12. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Илларионов А. (1996). Теория «денежного дефицита» как отражение платежного кризиса в российской экономике // Вопросы экономики. № 12. С. 40—60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Illarionov A. (1996). The theory of “monetary deficit” as a reflection of the payment crisis in the Russian economy. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 12, pp. 40—60. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Косой А. М. (2007). Монетизация экономики // Деньги и кредит. № 7. С. 43—51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosoy A. M. (2007). Monetization of economy. Russian Journal of Money and Finance, No. 7, pp. 43—51. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кроливецкая В. Э. (2022). Монетарная политика и экономический рост // Журнал правовых и экономических исследований. № 2. С. 170—178. https://doi.org/10.26163/GIEF.2022.63.69.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krolivetskaya V. E. (2022). Monetary policy and economic growth. Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, No. 2, pp. 170—178. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26163/GIEF.2022.63.69.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрин А., Горюнов Е., Трунин П. (2017). Стимулирующая денежно-кредитная политика: мифы и реальность // Вопросы экономики. № 5. С. 5—28. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-5-5-28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudrin A., Goryunov E., Trunin P. (2017). Stimulative monetary policy: Myths and reality. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 5, pp. 5—28. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-5-5-28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев А. (2016). Российское сообщество экономистов: особенности и перспективы // Вопросы экономики. № 11. С. 135—158. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-11-135-158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev A. (2016). Russian community of economists: Main features and perspectives. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 11, pp. 135—158. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-11-135-158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев А. А., Баженов Г. А. (2016). Теоретико-методологическая архитектура российского сообщества академических экономистов // Известия Уральского государственного экономического университета. № 6. С. 13—22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev A. A., Bazhenov G. A. (2016). Theoretical and methodological architecture of the Russian society of academic economists. Izvestiya Uralskogo Gosudarstvennogo Ekonomicheskogo Universiteta, No. 6, pp. 13—22. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальцев А. А., Ковалев А. В. (2020). Теоретико-методологические взгляды экономистов России и Беларуси: эффект колеи? // Журнал экономической теории. Т. 17, № 3. С. 560—573. https://doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-3.4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maltsev A. A., Kovalev A. V. (2020). Theoretical and methodological views of Russian and Belarusian economists: Path dependence? Zhurnal Ekonomicheskoi Teorii, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 560—573. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2020.17-3.4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миркин Я. М. (2011). Финансовое будущее России: экстремумы, бумы, системные риски. М.: Geleos Publishing House; Кэпитал Трейд Компани.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirkin Y. M. (2011). Financial future of Russia: Еxtremums, booms, systemic risks. Moscow: Geleos Publishing House; Capital Trade Company. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Миркин Я. М. (2015). Внезапный поворот // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 2. С. 196—200.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mirkin Y. M. (2015). Sudden turn. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 2, pp. 196—200. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мищенко С. В. (2012). Факторный анализ уровня монетизации экономики на основе экономико-статистических моделей // Финансы и кредит. № 5. С. 31—36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishchenko S. V. (2012). The factor analysis of the monetization level on the basis of economic and statistical models. Finansy i Kredit, No. 5, pp. 31—36. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Печалова М. Ю. (2017). Денежно-кредитная политика Банка России и инфляционные процессы в экономике // Экономика. Налоги. Право. Т. 10, № 3. С. 31—42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pechalova M. Y. (2017). The monetary policy of the Bank of Russia and inflation processes in the economy. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 31—42. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поварова А. И. (2016). Консервативная денежно-кредитная политика как важнейший ограничитель экономического роста // Проблемы развития территории. № 6. С. 180—195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Povarova A. I. (2016). Conservative monetary policy as the most important constraint on economic growth. Problemy Razvitiya Territoriy, No. 6, pp. 180—195. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полонский А. Э. (2016). Сбалансированная денежно-кредитная политика в России: мифы и реальность // Вестник Финансового университета. Т. 20, № 2. С. 16—21. https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2016-20-2-16-21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polonskiy A. Е. (2016). Balanced monetary policy in Russia: Myths and reality. Finance: Theory and Practice, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 16—21. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2016-20-2-16-21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Розмаинский И. (2008). О методологических основаниях мейнстрима и гетеродоксии в экономической теории конца XIX — начала XXI века // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 89—99. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-7-89-99</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rozmainsky I. (2008). On the methodological foundations of mainstream and heterodoxy in economic theory in the end of the XIX — the beginning of the XXI centuries. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 89—99. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-7-89-99</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Садков В. Г., Греков И. Е. (2004). О воздействии уровня монетизации экономики и структуры денежной массы на эффективность социально-экономического развития // Финансы и кредит. № 5. С. 43—46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadkov V. G., Grekov I. E. (2004). On the impact of the level of monetization of economy and the money supply structure on the effectiveness of social and economic development. Finansy i Kredit, No. 5, pp. 43—46. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тосунян Г. А. (2016). Резервы для эффективного использования финансовой системы есть // Вестник Финансового университета. Т. 20, № 1. С. 8—14. https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2016-20-1-8-14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tosunyan G. A. (2016). Reserves for efficient use of the financial system are at hand. Finance: Theory and Practice, Vol. 20. No. 1, pp. 8—14. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2016-20-1-8-14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трунин П. В., Ващелюк Н. В. (2015). Анализ эндогенности предложения денег в России // Журнал Новой экономической ассоциации. № 1. С. 103—131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trunin P. V., Vashchelyuk N. V. (2015). The analysis of money supply endogeneity in Russia. Journal of the New Economic Association, No. 1, pp. 103—131. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тулин Д. В. (2014). В поисках сеньоража, или Легких путей к процветанию (Обзор полемики вокруг политики Банка России) // Деньги и кредит. № 12. С. 6—16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tulin D. V. (2014). Searching for seigniorage or easy paths to prosperity (Review of debates on Bank of Russia policy). Russian Journal of Money and Finance, No. 12, pp. 6—16. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филатов В. И. (2021). Финансовые ресурсы роста российской экономики // Мир новой экономики. Т. 15, № 2. С. 97—106. https://doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-97-106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filatov V. I. (2021). Financial resources for the growth of the Russian economy. The World of New Economy, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 97—106. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2021-15-2-97-106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 407—443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barro R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 407—443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barro R., Sala-i-Martin X. (2004). Economic growth. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barro R., Sala-i-Martin X. (2004). Economic growth. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beyer A., Reichlin L. (eds.) (2006). The role of money: Money and monetary policy in the twenty-first century. European Central Bank.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beyer A., Reichlin L. (eds.) (2006). The role of money: Money and monetary policy in the twenty-first century. European Central Bank.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BIS (2007). 77th annual report. Basel: Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BIS (2007). 77th annual report. Basel: Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Estrella A., Mishkin F. (1997). Is there a role for monetary aggregates in the conduct of monetary policy? Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 279—304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(97)00044-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Estrella A., Mishkin F. (1997). Is there a role for monetary aggregates in the conduct of monetary policy? Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 279—304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(97)00044-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gertler P., Hofmann B. (2018). Monetary facts revisited. Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 86, pp. 154—170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2018.04.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gertler P., Hofmann B. (2018). Monetary facts revisited. Journal of International Money and Finance, Vol. 86, pp. 154—170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2018.04.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hausmann R., Hidalgo C. A., Bustos S., Coscia M., Simoes A. (2014). The Atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9647.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hausmann R., Hidalgo C. A., Bustos S., Coscia M., Simoes A. (2014). The Atlas of economic complexity: Mapping paths to prosperity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9647.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakab Z., Kumhof M. (2015). Banks are not intermediaries of loanable funds — and why this matters. Bank of England Working Paper, No. 529. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2612050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakab Z., Kumhof M. (2015). Banks are not intermediaries of loanable funds — and why this matters. Bank of England Working Paper, No. 529. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2612050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levine R., Zervos S. (1998). Stock markets, banks, and economic growth. American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 537—558.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levine R., Zervos S. (1998). Stock markets, banks, and economic growth. American Economic Review, Vol. 88, No. 3, pp. 537—558.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLeay M., Radia A., Thomas R. (2014). Money creation in the modern economy. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, No. Q1, pp. 1—14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLeay M., Radia A., Thomas R. (2014). Money creation in the modern economy. Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, No. Q1, pp. 1—14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishkin F. S. (2001). From monetary targeting to inflation targeting: Lessons from the industrialized countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. 2684. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2684</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishkin F. S. (2001). From monetary targeting to inflation targeting: Lessons from the industrialized countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers, No. 2684. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-2684</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nelson E. (2003). The future of monetary aggregates in monetary policy analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 1029—1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(03)00063-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nelson E. (2003). The future of monetary aggregates in monetary policy analysis. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 1029—1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(03)00063-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Brien Y.-Y. C. (2006). Measurement of monetary aggregates across countries. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FEDS Working Paper, No. 2007-02. https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2007.02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Brien Y.-Y. C. (2006). Measurement of monetary aggregates across countries. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. FEDS Working Paper, No. 2007-02. https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2007.02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesaran M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 967—1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesaran M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 967—1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pesaran M. H., Smith R. P. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 79—113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pesaran M. H., Smith R. P. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 79—113. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01644-F</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stella P., Singh M., Bhargava A., Alwazir J. (2021). Some alternative monetary facts. IMF Working Paper, No. 21/06. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513566429.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stella P., Singh M., Bhargava A., Alwazir J. (2021). Some alternative monetary facts. IMF Working Paper, No. 21/06. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513566429.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
