voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2023-3-83-101voprecotest-4107Research ArticleРЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКАREGIONAL ECONOMYЭффективность больших городов: теория и эмпирикаEfficiency of large cities: Theory and empiricshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7427-7289МельниковаЛ. В.MelnikovaL. V.

Мельникова Лариса Викторовна, кандидат экономических наук; доцент кафедры экономического управления НГУ; ведущий научный сотрудник отдела территориальных систем ИЭОПП СО РАН

НовосибирскSPIN-код: 6832-7464

Larisa V. Melnikova

Novosibirsk

melnikova@ieie.nsc.ruИнститут экономики и организации промышленного производства СО РАН; Новосибирский государственный университетРоссияNovosibirsk State University; Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation2023030320230383101Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20232023Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4107

Предпринята попытка выявить преимущества больших городов как мест концентрации экономической деятельности с точки зрения эффективности производства. С этой целью количественно оценены взаимосвязи индикаторов агломерации и производительности труда. Их существование в теории обосновано действием разнообразных агломерационных эффектов; оценки которых в последние 20 лет уменьшались по мере роста количества эмпирических исследований. Расчеты выполнены на базе российской муниципальной статистики за 2017—2020 гг. Их результаты показали; что направление связи между размером города и производительностью зависит от особенностей отраслевой структуры городской экономики; которая; в свою очередь; определяется местом города в городской иерархии. Отрицательная связь характерна для высокоспециализированных городов; а положительная проявляется по мере снижения локализации промышленности и роста диверсификации городской экономики.

The paper assesses the advantages of large cities as places of concentration of economic activity in terms of production efficiency. For this purpose; we made quantitative estimates of the relationship between the size of cities and indicators of productivity. The theory justifies the presence of such relationships by various agglomeration effects; estimates of which have been reduced over the last 20 years as the number of empirical studies has been growing. The calculations are based on Russian municipal statistics; taking into account its limitations. The study has demonstrated that the direction of the relationship between city size and productivity depends on the characteristics of the industry structure of the city economy; which; in turn; depends on the city’s place in the urban hierarchy. A negative relationship is characteristic of highly specialized cities; while a positive one emerges as industry localization declines and diversification of the city economy increases.

экономика городаагломерационные эффектыпроизводительность трудаurban economicsagglomeration effectsproductivityСтатья подготовлена в рамках базового проекта плана НИР ИЭОПП СО РАН 5.6.6.4. (0260-2021-0007)ReferencesИнститут экономики города (2020). Экономика российских городов и городских агломераций. Вып. 5: Крупнейшие городские агломерации в глобальной экономике. М.: Фонд «Институт экономики города».Institute for Urban Economics (2020). The economy of Russian cities and metropolitan areas. Iss. 5: The largest urban agglomerations in the global economy. Moscow. (In Russian).КБ Стрелка (2019). Экономика городов-миллионников: право на развитие. https://media.strelka-kb.com/gdpcitiesStrelka KB (2019). The economy of million-plus cities: The right to develop. (In Russian). https://media.strelka-kb.com/gdpcitiesЛавриненко П. А., Михайлова Т. Н., Ромашина А. А., Чистяков П. А. (2019). Агломерационные эффекты как инструмент регионального развития // Проблемы прогнозирования. Т. 174, № 3. С. 50—59. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700719030109Lavrinenko P. A., Mikhailova T. N., Romashina A. A., Chistyakov P. A. (2019). Agglomeration effect as a tool of regional development. Studies on Russian Economic Development, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 268—274. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700719030109Полиди Т., Косарева Н. (2017). Оценка валового городского продукта в российских городах и его вклада в ВВП России в 2000—2015 гг. // Вопросы экономики. № 7. С. 5—23. [Polidi T., Kosareva N. (2017). Assessment of gross urban product in Russian cities and its contribution to Russian GDP in 2000—2015. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 5—23. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-7-5-23Polidi T., Kosareva N. (2017). Assessment of gross urban product in Russian cities and its contribution to Russian GDP in 2000—2015. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 7, pp. 5—23. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-7-5-23Ahlfeldt G. M., Pietrostefani E. (2019). The economic effects of density: A synthesis. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 111, pp. 93—107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.04.006Ahlfeldt G. M., Pietrostefani E. (2019). The economic effects of density: A synthesis. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 111, pp. 93—107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.04.006Ahrend R., Lembcke A. C. (2016). Does it pay to live in big(ger) cities? The role of agglomeration benefits, local amenities, and costs of living. OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. 2016/09. https://doi.org/10.1787/e0490ba8-enAhrend R., Lembcke A. C. (2016). Does it pay to live in big(ger) cities? The role of agglomeration benefits, local amenities, and costs of living. OECD Regional Development Working Papers, No. 2016/09. https://doi.org/10.1787/e0490ba8-enBeaudry C., Schiffauerova A. (2009). Who’s right, Marshall or Jacobs? The localization versus urbanization debate. Research Policy, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 318—337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010Beaudry C., Schiffauerova A. (2009). Who’s right, Marshall or Jacobs? The localization versus urbanization debate. Research Policy, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 318—337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010Camagni R., Capello R., Caragliu A. (2013). One or infinite optimal city sizes? In search of an equilibrium size for cities. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 309—341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0548-7Camagni R., Capello R., Caragliu A. (2013). One or infinite optimal city sizes? In search of an equilibrium size for cities. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 309—341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0548-7Camagni R., Capello R., Caragliu A. (2016). Static vs. dynamic agglomeration economies. Spatial context and structural evolution behind urban growth. Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 133—158. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12182Camagni R., Capello R., Caragliu A. (2016). Static vs. dynamic agglomeration economies. Spatial context and structural evolution behind urban growth. Papers in Regional Science, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 133—158. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12182Caragliu A., de Dominicis L., de Groot H. (2016). Both Marshall and Jacobs were right! Economic Geography, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 87—111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2015.1094371Caragliu A., de Dominicis L., de Groot H. (2016). Both Marshall and Jacobs were right! Economic Geography, Vol. 92, No. 1, pp. 87—111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00130095.2015.1094371Combes P.-P., Duranton G., Gobillon L. (2019). The costs of agglomeration: House and land prices in French cities. Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 1556—1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy063Combes P.-P., Duranton G., Gobillon L. (2019). The costs of agglomeration: House and land prices in French cities. Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 1556—1589. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy063de Groot H., Poot J., Smit M. (2016). Which agglomeration externalities matter most and why? Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 756—782. https:// doi.org/10.1111/joes.12112de Groot H., Poot J., Smit M. (2016). Which agglomeration externalities matter most and why? Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 756—782. https:// doi.org/10.1111/joes.12112Duranton G., Puga D. (2001). Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 1454— 1477. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1454Duranton G., Puga D. (2001). Nursery cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life cycle of products. American Economic Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, pp. 1454— 1477. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1454Duranton G., Puga D. (2020). The economics of urban density. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 3—26. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.3Duranton G., Puga D. (2020). The economics of urban density. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 3—26. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.3.3European Committee of the Regions (2010). Clusters and clustering policy: A guide for regional and local policy makers. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2863/22994European Committee of the Regions (2010). Clusters and clustering policy: A guide for regional and local policy makers. Brussels: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2863/22994Florida R. L. (2002). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.Florida R. L. (2002). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New York: Basic Books.Glaeser E. (2011). Triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier, and happier. London: Macmillan.Glaeser E. (2011). Triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier, and happier. London: Macmillan.Glaeser E., Kallal H., Scheinkman J., Shleifer A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 6, pp. 1126—1152. https://doi.org/10.1086/261856Glaeser E., Kallal H., Scheinkman J., Shleifer A. (1992). Growth in cities. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 100, No. 6, pp. 1126—1152. https://doi.org/10.1086/261856Graham D. J., Gibbons S. (2019). Quantifying wider economic impacts of agglomeration for transport appraisal: Existing evidence and future directions. Economics of Transportation, Vol. 19, article 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2019.100121Graham D. J., Gibbons S. (2019). Quantifying wider economic impacts of agglomeration for transport appraisal: Existing evidence and future directions. Economics of Transportation, Vol. 19, article 100121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2019.100121Grover A., Lall S. V., Timmis J. (2021). Agglomeration economies in developing countries: A meta-analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 9730. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9730Grover A., Lall S. V., Timmis J. (2021). Agglomeration economies in developing countries: A meta-analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 9730. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9730Henderson J. V. (2008). City and economic development. In: The New Palgrave dictionary of economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2427-1Henderson J. V. (2008). City and economic development. In: The New Palgrave dictionary of economics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2427-1Jacobs J. (1969). The economy of cities. London: Penguin.Jacobs J. (1969). The economy of cities. London: Penguin.Kim S. (2009). Spatial inequality and development: Theories, facts and policies. In: R. Buckley, P. Annez, M. Spence (eds.). Urbanization and growth. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World Bank, pp. 133—166.Kim S. (2009). Spatial inequality and development: Theories, facts and policies. In: R. Buckley, P. Annez, M. Spence (eds.). Urbanization and growth. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World Bank, pp. 133—166.Lukas R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3—42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7Lukas R. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 3—42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7Marrocu E., Paci R., Ucai S. (2013). Productivity growth in the old and new Europe: The role of agglomeration externalities. Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 418—442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12000Marrocu E., Paci R., Ucai S. (2013). Productivity growth in the old and new Europe: The role of agglomeration externalities. Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 418—442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12000Marshall A. (1890). Principles of economics. London: Macmillan.Marshall A. (1890). Principles of economics. London: Macmillan.Melo P. C., Graham D. J., Noland R. B. (2009). A meta-analysis of estimates of urban agglomeration economies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 332—342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.12.002Melo P. C., Graham D. J., Noland R. B. (2009). A meta-analysis of estimates of urban agglomeration economies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 332—342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.12.002Melo P. C., Graham D. J., Levinson D., Aarabi S. (2017). Agglomeration, accessibility and productivity: Evidence for large metropolitan areas in the US. Urban Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 179—195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624850Melo P. C., Graham D. J., Levinson D., Aarabi S. (2017). Agglomeration, accessibility and productivity: Evidence for large metropolitan areas in the US. Urban Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 179—195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624850OECD (2006). Competitive cities in the global economy. Paris: OECD.OECD (2006). Competitive cities in the global economy. Paris: OECD.OECD; European Commission (2020). Cities in the world: A new perspective on urbanisation. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d0efcbda-enOECD; European Commission (2020). Cities in the world: A new perspective on urbanisation. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d0efcbda-enOECD (2023). Metropolitan areas. OECD Regional Statistics (database). https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00531-enOECD (2023). Metropolitan areas. OECD Regional Statistics (database). https://doi.org/10.1787/data-00531-enOqubay A., Lin J. Y. (eds.) (2020). The Oxford handbook of industrial hubs and economic development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198850434.001.0001Oqubay A., Lin J. Y. (eds.) (2020). The Oxford handbook of industrial hubs and economic development. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198850434.001.0001Pessoa A. (2014). Agglomeration and regional growth policy: Externalities versus comparative advantages. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 1—27. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0625-1Pessoa A. (2014). Agglomeration and regional growth policy: Externalities versus comparative advantages. Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 1—27. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00168-014-0625-1Polese M. (2005). Cities and national economic growth: A reappraisal. Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 1429—1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500150839Polese M. (2005). Cities and national economic growth: A reappraisal. Urban Studies, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 1429—1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500150839Porter M. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 15—34. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240001400105Porter M. (2000). Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 15—34. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240001400105Rosenthal S., Strange W. (2004). Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies. In: J. V. Henderson, J.-F. Thisse (eds.). Handbook of regional and urban economics. In 5 vols., Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 2119—2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3Rosenthal S., Strange W. (2004). Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies. In: J. V. Henderson, J.-F. Thisse (eds.). Handbook of regional and urban economics. In 5 vols., Vol. 4. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 2119—2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3World Bank (2009). World development report 2009: Reshaping economic geography. Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank (2009). World development report 2009: Reshaping economic geography. Washington, DC: World Bank.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.