voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2022-8-48-67voprecotest-4089Research ArticleЭКОНОМИКА ТРУДА И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЫLABOR AND SOCIAL ECONOMICSЭкономика и счастье в России: эмпирический анализEconomy and happiness in Russia: Empirical analysishttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2785-3543АнтипинаО. Н.AntipinaO. N.

Антипина Ольга Николаевна, д. э. н., проф. экономического факультета

Москва

Olga N. Antipina

Moscow

antipina@econ.msu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1557-4360КривицкаяА. Д.KrivitskayaA. D.

Кривицкая Анна Дмитриевна, магистрант экономического факультета

Москва

Anna D. Krivitskaya

Moscow

krivitskaiaanna@gmail.comМГУ имени М. В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2022040820220848—67Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20222022Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4089

Исследуется влияние экономических факторов на удовлетворенность жизнью в России. Использованы данные РМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭ за 1994—2019 гг. На выборках женщин и мужчин применена панельная упорядоченная модель логит. Подтверждено, что уровень удовлетворенности жизнью тем выше, чем лучше финансовое положение индивида в абсолютном выражении, а также относительно других индивидов, с которыми он себя сравнивает. Соблюдение баланса в распределении времени между работой и отдыхом также значимо положительно влияет на уровень удовлетворенности жизнью. Однако воздействие объективных экономических факторов на удовлетворенность жизнью в России опосредовано их субъективным восприятием, которое играет решающую роль, поскольку при его включении в модель объективные параметры становятся незначимыми. Полученные результаты согласуются с аналогичными работами по другим странам и на пространственных данных. Они углубляют представления о вкладе экономической составляющей в субъективное благополучие россиян. Вывод о значительном влиянии субъективного восприятия экономической реальности на счастье в России имеет прикладное значение для определения ориентиров экономической и социальной политики.

The article examines the influence of economic factors on life satisfaction in Russia. To conduct this study, we took RLMS­HSE data from 1994 to 2019. We applied the panel data ordered logit model on the samples of men and women. It has been confirmed that the level of life satisfaction is the higher, the better the financial situation of an individual in absolute and relative terms. Maintaining a balance in the distribution of time between work and leisure also has a significantly positive effect on the level of life satisfaction. However, the impact of objective economic factors on life satisfaction in Russia is mediated by their subjective perception, which plays a decisive role. Since when it includes in the model, the objective parameters become insignificant. The results are consistent with similar works conducted on other countries’ data and spatial data. They deepen the understanding of the impact of the economic component on the subjective well­being of Russians. The conclusion about the significant influence of the subjective perception of economic reality on happiness in Russia is of practical importance for the guidelines of economic and social policy.

экономика счастьясубъективная удовлетворенность жизньюРМЭЗ НИУ ВШЭeconomic theory of happinesssubjective life satisfactionRLMS­HSEReferencesАистов А. В., Леонова Л. А. (2011). Эконометрические модели упорядоченного выбора — пример оценок удовлетворенностью жизнью // Информационные системы и математические методы в экономике. № 3. С. 5—26.Aistov A. V., Leonova L. A. (2011). Application of ordered choice econometric models for life satisfaction assessments. Information Systems and Mathematical Methods in Economics, No. 3, pp. 5—26. (In Russian).Андреенкова А. В., Андреенкова Н. В. (2019). Детерминанты удовлетворенности жизнью в России и Европе: сравнительный анализ // Дискурс. Т. 5, № 1. С. 67—81.Andreenkova A. V., Andreenkova N. V. (2019). Comparative analysis of life satisfaction determinants in Russia and in Europe. Discourse, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 67—81. (In Russian)Антипина О. (2012). Экономическая теория счастья как направление научных исследований // Вопросы экономики. № 2. С. 94—107. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042­8736­2012­2­94­107Antipina O. (2012). Economics of happiness as an academic research discipline. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 2, pp. 94—107. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042­8736­2012­2­94­107Антипина О. Н., Кривицкая А. Д. (2020). Оценка влияния макроэкономических показателей на уровень счастья // Журнал экономической теории. Т. 17, № 4. С. 760—769. https://doi.org/10.31063/2073­6517/2020.17­4.1Antipina O. N., Krivitskaya A. D. (2020). Impact assessment of macroeconomic indicators on happiness level. Russian Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 760—769. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31063/2073­6517/2020.17­4.1Инглхарт Р. (2018). Культурная эволюция: как изменяются человеческие мотивации и как это меняет мир. М.: Мысль.Inglehart R. (2018). Cultural evolution: How people’s motivations are changing and how this is changing the world. Moscow: Mysl. (In Russian).Ларин А. В., Филясов С. В. (2018). Парадокс Истерлина и адаптация в России // Экономический журнал ВШЭ. Т. 22, № 1. С. 59—83. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813­86912018­22­1­59­83Larin A. V., Filiasov S. V. (2018). Adaptation and the Easterlin Paradox in Russia. HSE Economic Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 59—83. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1813­86912018­22­1­59­83Настина Е. А., Алмакаева А. М. (2020). Роль уровня притязаний и социальных сравнений в детерминации удовлетворенности жизнью // Мониторинг общественного мнения: Экономические и социальные перемены. № 1. С. 206—224. https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.1.09Nastina E. A., Almakaeva A. M. (2020). Aspiration level and social comparison as factors in determining life satisfaction. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, No. 1, pp. 206—224. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2020.1.09Родионова Л. А. (2014). Парадокс Истерлина в России // Известия Саратовского университета. Новая серия. Серия: Экономика. Управление. Право. Т. 14, № 2, ч. 2. С. 386—393.https://doi.org/10.18500/1994­2540­2014­14­2­2­386­393Rodionova L. A. (2014). Easterlin Paradox in Russia. Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law, Vol. 14, No. 2, Part 2, pp. 386—393. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.18500/1994­2540­2014­14­2­2­386­393Соболева Н. Э., Соколов Б. О. (2021). Изменение статуса на рынке труда в период пандемии COVID­19 и субъективное благополучие россиян // Вопросы экономики. № 12. С. 139—153. https://doi.org/10.32609/0042­8736­2021­12­139­153Soboleva N. E., Sokolov B. O. (2021). Changes in the labor market status during the COVID­19 pandemic and subjective well­being of Russians. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 12, pp. 139—153. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042­8736­2021­12­139­153Alvarez­Cuadrado F., Van Long N. (2008). A permanent income version of the relative income hypothesis. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 2361. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1187572Alvarez­Cuadrado F., Van Long N. (2008). A permanent income version of the relative income hypothesis. CESifo Working Paper Series, No. 2361. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1187572Becchetti L., Massari R., Naticchioni P. (2014). The drivers of happiness inequality: Suggestions for promoting social cohesion. Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 419—442. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpt016Becchetti L., Massari R., Naticchioni P. (2014). The drivers of happiness inequality: Suggestions for promoting social cohesion. Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp. 419—442. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpt016Brand S., Beck J., Hatzinger M., Harbaugh A., Ruch W., Holsboer­Trachsler E. (2010). Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout­related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 744—754. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622971003624205Brand S., Beck J., Hatzinger M., Harbaugh A., Ruch W., Holsboer­Trachsler E. (2010). Associations between satisfaction with life, burnout­related emotional and physical exhaustion, and sleep complaints. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 744—754. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622971003624205Brickman P., Campbell D.T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society . In: M. H. Appley (еd.). Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic Press, pp. 287—302.Brickman P., Campbell D.T. (1971). Hedonic relativism and planning the good society . In: M. H. Appley (еd.). Adaptation-level theory: A symposium. New York: Academic Press, pp. 287—302.Brodeur A., Clark A. E., Fleche S., Powdthavee N. (2021). COVID­19, lockdowns and well­being: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 193, pp. 1—8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104346Brodeur A., Clark A. E., Fleche S., Powdthavee N. (2021). COVID­19, lockdowns and well­being: Evidence from Google Trends. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 193, pp. 1—8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104346Brzezinski M. (2019). Diagnosing unhappiness dynamics: Evidence from Poland and Russia. Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 2291—2327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902­018­0044­6Brzezinski M. (2019). Diagnosing unhappiness dynamics: Evidence from Poland and Russia. Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 2291—2327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902­018­0044­6Campbell A. (1972). Aspiration, satisfaction, and fulfillment. In: A. Campbell, P. Converse (еds.). Human meaning of social change. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 441—466.Campbell A. (1972). Aspiration, satisfaction, and fulfillment. In: A. Campbell, P. Converse (еds.). Human meaning of social change. New York: The Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 441—466.Cantril H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Cantril H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Cheng T. C., Powdthavee N., Oswald A. J. (2014). Longitudinal evidence for a midlife nadir in human well­being: Results from four data sets. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7942. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2396437Cheng T. C., Powdthavee N., Oswald A. J. (2014). Longitudinal evidence for a midlife nadir in human well­being: Results from four data sets. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7942. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2396437Clark A. E., Diener E., Georgellis Y., Lucas R. E. (2006). Lags and leads in life satisfaction: A test of the baseline hypothesis. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2526. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956920Clark A. E., Diener E., Georgellis Y., Lucas R. E. (2006). Lags and leads in life satisfaction: A test of the baseline hypothesis. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2526. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.956920De Neve J.­E., Oswald A. J. (2012). Estimating the influence of life satisfaction and positive affect on later income using sibling fixed­effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, No. 49, pp. 19953—19958. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211437109De Neve J.­E., Oswald A. J. (2012). Estimating the influence of life satisfaction and positive affect on later income using sibling fixed­effects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, No. 49, pp. 19953—19958. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211437109Diener E., Inglehart R., Tay L. (2013). The theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 112, No. 3, pp. 497—527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­012­0076­yDiener E., Inglehart R., Tay L. (2013). The theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 112, No. 3, pp. 497—527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­012­0076­yDiener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., Smith H. L. (1999). Subjective well­being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 125, No. 2, pp. 276—302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033­2909.125.2.276Diener E., Suh E. M., Lucas R. E., Smith H. L. (1999). Subjective well­being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 125, No. 2, pp. 276—302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033­2909.125.2.276Diener E., Tay L., Oishi S. (2013). Rising income and the subjective well­being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 267—276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030487Diener E., Tay L., Oishi S. (2013). Rising income and the subjective well­being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 267—276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030487Dolan P., Peasgood T., White M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective wellbeing. Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 94—122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001Dolan P., Peasgood T., White M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective wellbeing. Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 94—122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2007.09.001Duesenberry J. S. (1949). Income, saving and the theory of consumer behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Duesenberry J. S. (1949). Income, saving and the theory of consumer behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Easterlin R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In: P. A. David, M. W. Reder (еds.). Essays in honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press, pp. 89—125.Easterlin R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In: P. A. David, M. W. Reder (еds.). Essays in honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press, pp. 89—125.Easterlin R. A. (2013). Happiness and economic growth: The evidence. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7187. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2210847Easterlin R. A. (2013). Happiness and economic growth: The evidence. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7187. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2210847Easterlin R. A. (2016). Paradox lost? IZA Discussion Paper, No. 9676. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2725037Easterlin R. A. (2016). Paradox lost? IZA Discussion Paper, No. 9676. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2725037Easterlin R. A., O’Connor K. J. (2020). The Easterlin paradox. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 13923. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3743147Easterlin R. A., O’Connor K. J. (2020). The Easterlin paradox. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 13923. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3743147Easterlin R. A., Sawangfa O. (2007). Happiness and domain satisfaction: Theory and evidence. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2584. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.961644Easterlin R. A., Sawangfa O. (2007). Happiness and domain satisfaction: Theory and evidence. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2584. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.961644Friedman M. (1957). A theory of the consumption function. New Jersey: Princeton.Friedman M. (1957). A theory of the consumption function. New Jersey: Princeton.Gander F., Hofmann J., Ruch W. (2021). From unemployment to employment and back: Professional trajectories and well­being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 739—751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482­019­09797­yGander F., Hofmann J., Ruch W. (2021). From unemployment to employment and back: Professional trajectories and well­being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 739—751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482­019­09797­yGraham C., Eggers A., Sukhtankar S. (2004). Does happiness pay? An exploration based on panel data from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 319—342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.09.002Graham C., Eggers A., Sukhtankar S. (2004). Does happiness pay? An exploration based on panel data from Russia. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 319—342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2003.09.002Greyling T., Rossouw S., Adhikari T. (2021). A tale of three countries: What is the relationship between COVID­19, lockdown and happiness? South African Journal of Economics, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 25—43. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12284Greyling T., Rossouw S., Adhikari T. (2021). A tale of three countries: What is the relationship between COVID­19, lockdown and happiness? South African Journal of Economics, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 25—43. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12284Guriev S., Zhuravskaya E. (2009). (Un)happiness in transition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 143—168. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.143Guriev S., Zhuravskaya E. (2009). (Un)happiness in transition. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 143—168. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.23.2.143Gutiérrez­Cobo M. J., Megías­Robles A., Gómez­Leal R., Cabello R., Fernández­Berrocal P. (2021). Is it possible to be happy during the COVID­19 lockdown? A longitudinal study of the role of emotional regulation strategies and pleasant activities in happiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 1—11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063211Gutiérrez­Cobo M. J., Megías­Robles A., Gómez­Leal R., Cabello R., Fernández­Berrocal P. (2021). Is it possible to be happy during the COVID­19 lockdown? A longitudinal study of the role of emotional regulation strategies and pleasant activities in happiness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 1—11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063211Headey B. W., Wearing A. J. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.Headey B. W., Wearing A. J. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.Helliwell J., Layard R., Sachs J. (eds.) (2017). World happiness report 2017. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Helliwell J., Layard R., Sachs J. (eds.) (2017). World happiness report 2017. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Helliwell J. F., Layard R., Sachs J., De Neve J.­E. (eds.) (2020). World happiness report 2020. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Helliwell J. F., Layard R., Sachs J., De Neve J.­E. (eds.) (2020). World happiness report 2020. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Helliwell J. F., Layard R., Sachs J., De Neve J.­E. (eds.) (2021). World happiness report 2021. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Helliwell J. F., Layard R., Sachs J., De Neve J.­E. (eds.) (2021). World happiness report 2021. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.Hirschman A., Rothschild M. (1973). The changing tolerance for income inequality in the course of economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 544—566. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882024Hirschman A., Rothschild M. (1973). The changing tolerance for income inequality in the course of economic development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 544—566. https://doi.org/10.2307/1882024Jebb A. T., Tay L., Diener E., Oishi S. (2018). Happiness, income satiation and turning points around the world. Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 33—38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562­017­0277­0Jebb A. T., Tay L., Diener E., Oishi S. (2018). Happiness, income satiation and turning points around the world. Nature Human Behaviour, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 33—38. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562­017­0277­0Kahneman D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment­based approach. In: D. Kahneman, A. Tversky (eds.). Choices, values, and frames. New York: Cambridge University Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 673—692.Kahneman D. (2000). Experienced utility and objective happiness: A moment­based approach. In: D. Kahneman, A. Tversky (eds.). Choices, values, and frames. New York: Cambridge University Press and the Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 673—692.Lange T. (2012). Job satisfaction and self­employment: Autonomy or personality? Small Business Economics, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 165—177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187009­9249­8Lange T. (2012). Job satisfaction and self­employment: Autonomy or personality? Small Business Economics, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 165—177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187009­9249­8Lelkes O. (2013). Minimising misery: A new strategy for public policies instead of maximising happiness? Social Indicators Research, Vol. 114, No. 1, pp. 121—137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­013­0387­7Lelkes O. (2013). Minimising misery: A new strategy for public policies instead of maximising happiness? Social Indicators Research, Vol. 114, No. 1, pp. 121—137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­013­0387­7Luttmer E. F. P. (2005). Neighbors as negatives: Relative earnings and well­being. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 963—1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/120.3.963Luttmer E. F. P. (2005). Neighbors as negatives: Relative earnings and well­being. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 963—1002. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/120.3.963Ngamaba K. H., Panagioti M., Armitage C. J. (2018). Income inequality and subjective well­being: A systematic review and meta­analysis. Quality of Life Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 577—596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136­017­1719­xNgamaba K. H., Panagioti M., Armitage C. J. (2018). Income inequality and subjective well­being: A systematic review and meta­analysis. Quality of Life Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 577—596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136­017­1719­xOswald A.J., Proto E., Sgroi D. (2015). Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 789—822. https://doi.org/10.1086/681096Oswald A.J., Proto E., Sgroi D. (2015). Happiness and productivity. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 789—822. https://doi.org/10.1086/681096Stevenson B., Wolfers J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well­being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 3654. https://doi.org/10.3386/w14282Stevenson B., Wolfers J. (2008). Economic growth and subjective well­being: Reassessing the Easterlin paradox. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 3654. https://doi.org/10.3386/w14282Veenhoven R., Vergunst F. (2014). The Easterlin illusion: Economic growth does go with greater happiness. International Journal of Happiness and Development, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 311—343. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHD.2014.066115Veenhoven R., Vergunst F. (2014). The Easterlin illusion: Economic growth does go with greater happiness. International Journal of Happiness and Development, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 311—343. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJHD.2014.066115Voßemer J., Gebel M., Täht K., Unt M., Högberg B., Strandh M. (2018). The effects of unemployment and insecure jobs on well­being and health: The moderating role of labor market policies. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 138, No. 3, pp. 1229—1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­017­1697­yVoßemer J., Gebel M., Täht K., Unt M., Högberg B., Strandh M. (2018). The effects of unemployment and insecure jobs on well­being and health: The moderating role of labor market policies. Social Indicators Research, Vol. 138, No. 3, pp. 1229—1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205­017­1697­yWarr P. (2018). Self­employment, personal values, and varieties of happiness—unhappiness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 388—401. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000095Warr P. (2018). Self­employment, personal values, and varieties of happiness—unhappiness. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 388—401. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000095Yue W., Cowling M. (2021). The COVID­19 lockdown in the United Kingdom and subjective well­being: Have the self­employed suffered more due to hours and income reductions? International Small Business Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 93—108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620986763Yue W., Cowling M. (2021). The COVID­19 lockdown in the United Kingdom and subjective well­being: Have the self­employed suffered more due to hours and income reductions? International Small Business Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 93—108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242620986763

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.