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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2022-12-44-71</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-4006</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MACROECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Экономика экспортера-сырья в «новой реальности»: количественные и структурные параметры</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A commodity exporting economy under “the new reality”: Aggregate and structural changes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5769-7713</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лымарь</surname><given-names>М. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lymar</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лымарь Мария Сергеевна, ведущий экономист Департамента исследований и прогнозирования </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria S. Lymar</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lymarms@cbr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7485-7010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Реентович</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reentovich</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Реентович Александр Анатольевич, ведущий экономист Департамента исследований и прогнозирования </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Reentovich</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ReentovichAA@cbr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6958-9648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синяков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinyakov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Синяков Андрей Александрович, замдиректора Департамента исследований и прогнозирования </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Sinyakov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Sinyakovaa@mail.cbr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Банк России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bank of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4006">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/4006</self-uri><abstract><p>«Новая реальность» предполагает функционирование экономики экспортера сырья в условиях невозможности использовать ранее накопленные иностранные финансовые активы или привлекать внешний долг. При этом существенно и резко сокращается импорт при постепенном снижении экспорта. Использована модифицированная модель Рамсея—Касса—Купманса, чтобы изучить, как количественные и структурные параметры такой экономики, столкнувшейся с «новой реальностью», зависят от предположений об эффективности импортозамещения. Результаты показывают, что в экономике, которая не имеет возможности эффективно заместить импорт, снизится потенциальный ВВП. Даже при полном и эффективном замещении импорта уровень потребления (уровень жизни) домохозяйств сокращается из-за необходимости отвлекать труд на импортозамещение и поддерживать капиталоемкость ВВП на более высоком уровне. Когда замещение импорта инвестиционных товаров менее экономически эффективно относительно замещения потребительских товаров, структура импорта в условиях «новой реальности» смещается в пользу инвестиционных товаров. При этом происходит активное импортозамещение в потребительском секторе, но это не компенсирует снижение уровня жизни. Изменение структуры импорта и замещение импорта в потребительском секторе могут сопровождаться ростом потребительских цен. Если импортозамещение неэффективно в обоих секторах, то существенное снижение уровня жизни и масштаба экономики неизбежно.</p><p>Результаты показывают, что в экономике, которая не имеет возможности эффективно заместить импорт, произойдет снижение потенциального ВВП. Даже при полном и эффективном замещении импорта, уровень потребления (уровень жизни) домохозяйств сокращается из-за необходимости отвлекать труд на импортозамещение и поддерживать капиталоемкость ВВП на более высоком уровне. Когда замещение импорта инвестиционных товаров менее экономически эффективно относительно замещения потребительских товаров, структура импорта в условиях «новой реальности» смещается в пользу инвестиционных товаров. При этом происходит активное импортозамещение в потребительском секторе, что, однако, не компенсирует снижения уровня жизни. Изменение структуры импорта и замещение импорта в потребительском секторе на практике могут сопровождаться повышенным ростом потребительских цен. Если же импортозамещение крайне неэффективно в обеих секторах, то сильное снижение уровня жизни и масштаба экономики оказывается неизбежным.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>“The new reality” means a commodity-exporting economy cannot use its accumulated fx-reserves or attract new fx-debt to smooth abrupt import reduction amid slower decline of income flow from commodity export. We use a modified version of the Ramsey—Cass—Koopmans’ model to study aggregate and structural changes in the economy under these conditions in the shorter and longer run. The results show that the potential GDP of the economy which cannot effectively substitute its import should decline both in the shorter and longer run. However, full and effective import substitution does not guarantee households would restore their volume of consumption. The reasons are, first, labor reallocation into the import-substituting sector that reduces availability of labor for other sectors and, second, the need to keep capital intensity of production at a higher level. If the efficiency of import substitution is asymmetric and biased to goods for final consumption relative to goods for investments, the structure of imported goods becomes biased to the later. Moreover, goods for final consumption experience very intensive import substitution in such a case. However, it does not result in the restored level of total consumption. The results may imply higher consumer goods inflation in practice. If import substitution is extremely inefficient in both consumption and investment goods’ production, households cannot avert a huge reduction of their welfare.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>финансовая автаркия</kwd><kwd>структурные изменения в экономике</kwd><kwd>импортозамещение</kwd><kwd>общая факторная производительность</kwd><kwd>неоклассическая модель экономического роста</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sanctions</kwd><kwd>financial autarky</kwd><kwd>structural changes</kwd><kwd>import substitution</kwd><kwd>total factor productivity</kwd><kwd>neoclassical growth model</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Власов С. А. (2020). Бюджетная политика и макроэкономическая устойчивость // Финансы. № 1. С. 10—17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vlasov S. A. (2020). Fiscal policy and macroeconomic stabilization. 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