<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2023-6-36-61</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-3930</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИНАНСОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>FINANCIAL ECONOMICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Факторы ценообразования розничных кредитов в России</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Retail loan pricing determinants in Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2274-189X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пеникас</surname><given-names>Г. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Penikas</surname><given-names>H. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пеникас Генрих Иозович, кандидат экономических наук, руководитель проектов Департамента исследований и прогнозирования </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Henry I. Penikas</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">penikas@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Банк России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Bank of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/3930">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/3930</self-uri><abstract><p>Впервые рассмотрен уникальный массив данных о предложении ставок по кредитам с февраля по август 2022 г. Обосновано, что такие предложения, содержащие информацию о ставке и дополнительных условиях (срок, сумма и т. д.), чаще дают более крупные банки. Проанализированы слагаемые как кредитного риска ссуды, так и риск-аппетита банка. Показано, что банки, оценивающие кредитный риск для нормативов по собственным данным и моделям (ПВР-банки), дают более консервативные оценки кредитного риска.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The research relies on the uniquely extracted dataset of loan offered rates at the start of 2022. We justify that the larger banks are more prone to disclose such offers. Content-wise we are able to disentangle the loan-specific credit risk factors and the bank risk-appetite drivers. We show that banks using own data and models to compute prudential ratios (IRB-banks) tend to evaluate the credit risk more conservatively than the rest of the banks.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>модель Хекмана</kwd><kwd>копула</kwd><kwd>цензурирование выборки</kwd><kwd>кредит</kwd><kwd>кредитный риск</kwd><kwd>подход внутренних рейтингов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Heckman model</kwd><kwd>copula</kwd><kwd>censoring</kwd><kwd>loan</kwd><kwd>credit risk</kwd><kwd>IRB</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настоящая статья отражает личную позицию автора. Содержание и результаты данного исследования не следует рассматривать, в том числе цитировать в каких-либо изданиях, как официальную позицию Банка России или указание на официальную политику или решения регулятора.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банк России (2011). Консультативный документ о перспективах применения российскими банками IRB-подхода Компонента I Базеля II в надзорных целях и необходимых для этого мероприятиях (действиях).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank of Russia (2011). A consultative document on the prospects for Russian banks to apply the IRB approach of Basel II Component I for supervisory purposes and the measures (actions) necessary for this. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банк России (2020). Об определении системно значимых кредитных организаций и подходов к их регулированию. Доклад для общественных консультаций.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank of Russia (2020). On the definition of systemically important credit institutions and approaches to their regulation. Consultation paper. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Банк России (2021). О переводе системно значимых кредитных организаций на подход к оценке кредитных рисков на основе внутренних рейтингов. Доклад для общественных консультаций.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bank of Russia (2021). On the transfer of systemically important credit institutions to an approach to assessing credit risks based on internal ratings. Consultation paper. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершов Э. Б. (2008). Конкурирующие регрессии: критерии и процедуры отбора // Экономический журнал ВШЭ. № 4. С. 488—511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershov E. B. (2008). Rival regressions: Criteria and selection procedures. HSE Economic Journal, No. 4, pp. 488—511. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пеникас Г. И. (2021). Премия за неявное страхование вкладов в российских государственных банках // Вопросы экономики. № 10. С. 89—112.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penikas H. I. (2021). Premium for implicit deposit insurance with in Russian state banks. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 10, pp. 89—112. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2021-10-89-112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пеникас Г. И. (2022). Эффект переноса ключевой ставки Банка России на ставки по вкладам в период 2020—2022 гг. // Деньги и кредит. Т. 81, № 2. С. 20—48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Penikas H. I. (2022). Pass-through of the Bank of Russia key rate into deposit rates between 2020 and 2022. Russian Journal of Money and Finance, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 20—48. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adam A. (2007). Handbook of asset and liability management: From models to optimal return strategies. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adam A. (2007). Handbook of asset and liability management: From models to optimal return strategies. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altman E. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. Journal of Finance, Vol. 23, No. 4, рр. 589—609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altman E. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. Journal of Finance, Vol. 23, No. 4, рр. 589—609. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1968.tb00843.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altman E. (2018). A fifty-year retrospective on credit risk models, the Altman Z-score family of models and their applications to financial markets and managerial strategies. Journal of Credit Risk, IRMC 10th Anniversary Special Issue, рр. 1—34. https://doi.org/10.21314/JCR.2018.243</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altman E. (2018). A fifty-year retrospective on credit risk models, the Altman Z-score family of models and their applications to financial markets and managerial strategies. Journal of Credit Risk, IRMC 10th Anniversary Special Issue, рр. 1—34. https://doi.org/10.21314/JCR.2018.243</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amos H. (2012). New rules revolutionize banking sector. Moscow Times, August 1. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/08/01/new-rules-revolutionize-banking-sector-a16715</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amos H. (2012). New rules revolutionize banking sector. Moscow Times, August 1. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2012/08/01/new-rules-revolutionize-banking-sector-a16715</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2005). An explanatory note on the Basel II IRB risk weight functions. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2005). An explanatory note on the Basel II IRB risk weight functions. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2006). International convergence of capital measurement and capital standards. A revised framework. Comprehensive version. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2006). International convergence of capital measurement and capital standards. A revised framework. Comprehensive version. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2013). Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme (RCAP): Analysis of risk-weighted assets for credit risk in the banking book. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2013). Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme (RCAP): Analysis of risk-weighted assets for credit risk in the banking book. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2016). Reducing variation in credit risk-weighted assets — constraints on the use of internal model approaches. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2016). Reducing variation in credit risk-weighted assets — constraints on the use of internal model approaches. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2017). Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2017). Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BCBS (2022). Newsletter on COVID-19 related credit risk issues. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BCBS (2022). Newsletter on COVID-19 related credit risk issues. Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, Bank for International Settlements.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Behn M., Haselmann R., Vig V. (2016). The limits of model-based regulation. ECB Working Paper, No. 1928. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2804598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Behn M., Haselmann R., Vig V. (2016). The limits of model-based regulation. ECB Working Paper, No. 1928. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2804598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clayton D. (1978). A model for association in bivariate life tables and its application in epidemiological studies of familial tendency in chronic disease incidence. Biometrica, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 141—151. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/65.1.141</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clayton D. (1978). A model for association in bivariate life tables and its application in epidemiological studies of familial tendency in chronic disease incidence. Biometrica, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 141—151. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/65.1.141</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dermine J. (1986). Deposit rates, credit rates and bank capital: The Klein—Monti model revisited. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 99—114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(86)90022-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dermine J. (1986). Deposit rates, credit rates and bank capital: The Klein—Monti model revisited. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 99—114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4266(86)90022-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dermine J. (2003). ALM in banking. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.470001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dermine J. (2003). ALM in banking. Available at SSRN: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.470001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diebolt F. X. (2015). Comparing predictive accuracy, twenty years later: A personal perspective on the use and abuse of Diebolt—Mariano tests. Journal of Business &amp; Economic Statistics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1—9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.2014.983236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diebolt F. X. (2015). Comparing predictive accuracy, twenty years later: A personal perspective on the use and abuse of Diebolt—Mariano tests. Journal of Business &amp; Economic Statistics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1—9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07350015.2014.983236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">EBA (2021). EBA releases its annual assessment of the consistency of internal model outcomes for 2020. March 15. https://www.eba.europa.eu/eba-releases-its-annual-assessment-consistency-internal-model-outcomes-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">EBA (2021). EBA releases its annual assessment of the consistency of internal model outcomes for 2020. March 15. https://www.eba.europa.eu/eba-releases-its-annual-assessment-consistency-internal-model-outcomes-2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eckert F., Mikosch H., Stotz M. (2020). The corona crisis and corporate bankruptcies: Evidence from Switzerland. VoxEU, August 31. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/corona-crisis-and-corporate-bankruptcies-evidence-switzerland</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eckert F., Mikosch H., Stotz M. (2020). The corona crisis and corporate bankruptcies: Evidence from Switzerland. VoxEU, August 31. https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/corona-crisis-and-corporate-bankruptcies-evidence-switzerland</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordy M. (2000). A comparative anatomy of credit risk models. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 24, No. 1—2, pp. 119—149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00054-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordy M. (2000). A comparative anatomy of credit risk models. Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 24, No. 1—2, pp. 119—149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00054-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordy M. (2003). A risk-factor model foundation for ratings-based bank capital rules. Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 199—232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-9573(03)00040-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordy M. (2003). A risk-factor model foundation for ratings-based bank capital rules. Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 199—232. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S1042-9573(03)00040-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordy M. (2004). Granularity adjustment in portfolio credit risk measurement. In: Szegö (ed.). Risk measures for the 21st century. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons, pp. 109—121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordy M. (2004). Granularity adjustment in portfolio credit risk measurement. In: Szegö (ed.). Risk measures for the 21st century. Chichester: John Wiley &amp; Sons, pp. 109—121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordy M., Howells B. (2006). Procyclicality in Basel II: Can we treat the disease without killing the patient? Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 395—417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2005.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordy M., Howells B. (2006). Procyclicality in Basel II: Can we treat the disease without killing the patient? Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 395—417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2005.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gordy M., Lütkebohmert E. (2013). Granularity adjustment for regulatory capital assessment. International Journal of Central Banking, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 33—70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gordy M., Lütkebohmert E. (2013). Granularity adjustment for regulatory capital assessment. International Journal of Central Banking, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 33—70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grant J. (2011). Liquidity transfer pricing: A guide to better practice. Financial Stability Institute Occasional Paper, No. 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grant J. (2011). Liquidity transfer pricing: A guide to better practice. Financial Stability Institute Occasional Paper, No. 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grishina T., Ponomarenko A. (2021). Banks’ interest rate setting and transitions between liquidity surplus and deficit. Bank of Russia Working Paper, No. 79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grishina T., Ponomarenko A. (2021). Banks’ interest rate setting and transitions between liquidity surplus and deficit. Bank of Russia Working Paper, No. 79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gumbel E. J. (1960). Bivariate exponential distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 55, No. 292, pp. 698—707. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1960.10483368</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gumbel E. J. (1960). Bivariate exponential distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 55, No. 292, pp. 698—707. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1960.10483368</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haque S. M., Varghese R. (2021). The COVID-19 impact on corporate leverage and financial fragility. IMF Working Paper, No. 265. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589064126.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haque S. M., Varghese R. (2021). The COVID-19 impact on corporate leverage and financial fragility. IMF Working Paper, No. 265. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589064126.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasebe T. (2013). Copula-based maximum-likelihood estimation of sample-selection models. Stata Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 547—573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300307</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasebe T. (2013). Copula-based maximum-likelihood estimation of sample-selection models. Stata Journal, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 547—573. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300307</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heckman J., Lochner L., Todd P. (2006). Earnings functions, rates of return and treatment effects: Тhe Mincer equation and beyond. In: E. A. Hanushek, F. Welch. Handbook of the economics of education, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 307—458.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heckman J., Lochner L., Todd P. (2006). Earnings functions, rates of return and treatment effects: Тhe Mincer equation and beyond. In: E. A. Hanushek, F. Welch. Handbook of the economics of education, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: North Holland, pp. 307—458.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hernández de Cos P. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of Basel III during COVID-19 and beyond. Keynote address at the BCBS-Bundesbank-CEPR workshop on evaluating financial regulation 20 April. https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210420.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernández de Cos P. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of Basel III during COVID-19 and beyond. Keynote address at the BCBS-Bundesbank-CEPR workshop on evaluating financial regulation 20 April. https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp210420.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horny G., Manganelli S., Mojon B. (2018). Measuring financial fragmentation in the euro area corporate bond market. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, Vol. 74, No. 11, pp. 1—19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040074</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horny G., Manganelli S., Mojon B. (2018). Measuring financial fragmentation in the euro area corporate bond market. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, Vol. 74, No. 11, pp. 1—19. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm11040074</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jahn N., Memmel C., Pfingsten A. (2013). Banks’ concentration versus diversification in the loan portfolio: New evidence from Germany. Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 53/2013: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2796948</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jahn N., Memmel C., Pfingsten A. (2013). Banks’ concentration versus diversification in the loan portfolio: New evidence from Germany. Deutsche Bundesbank Discussion Paper, No. 53/2013: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2796948</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karas A., Vernikov A. (2019). Russian bank data: Birth and death, location, acquisitions, deposit insurance participation, state and foreign ownership. Data in Brief, Vol. 27, article 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104560</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karas A., Vernikov A. (2019). Russian bank data: Birth and death, location, acquisitions, deposit insurance participation, state and foreign ownership. Data in Brief, Vol. 27, article 104560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klein M. A. (1971). A theory of the banking firm. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 205—218. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991279</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klein M. A. (1971). A theory of the banking firm. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 205—218. https://doi.org/10.2307/1991279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kupiec P. H. (2009). How well does the Vasicek—Basel AIRB model fit the data? Evidence from a long time series of corporate credit rating data. FDIC Working Paper Series, No. 2009-10. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1523246</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupiec P. H. (2009). How well does the Vasicek—Basel AIRB model fit the data? Evidence from a long time series of corporate credit rating data. FDIC Working Paper Series, No. 2009-10. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1523246</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Longin F., Solnik B. (2001). Extreme correlation of international equity markets. Journal of Finance, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 649—676. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00340</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Longin F., Solnik B. (2001). Extreme correlation of international equity markets. Journal of Finance, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 649—676. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00340</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Merton R. (1974). On the pricing of corporate debt: The risk structure of interest. Journal of Finance, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 449—470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03058.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Merton R. (1974). On the pricing of corporate debt: The risk structure of interest. Journal of Finance, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 449—470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1974.tb03058.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miller S. M. (1975). A theory of the banking firm: Comment. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 123—128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(75)90012-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miller S. M. (1975). A theory of the banking firm: Comment. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 123—128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(75)90012-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monti M. (1972). Deposit, credit and interest rate determination under alternative bank objective function. In: G. Szego, K. Shell (eds.). Mathematical methods in investment and finance, pp. 430—454. Amsterdam: North-Holland.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monti M. (1972). Deposit, credit and interest rate determination under alternative bank objective function. In: G. Szego, K. Shell (eds.). Mathematical methods in investment and finance, pp. 430—454. Amsterdam: North-Holland.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niepmann F., Stebunovs V. (2018). Modeling your stress away. International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 1232. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2018.1232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niepmann F., Stebunovs V. (2018). Modeling your stress away. International Finance Discussion Papers, No. 1232. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. https://doi.org/10.17016/IFDP.2018.1232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schierenbeck H., Holländer D., Picker M. (2013). Marktzinsmethode 2.0 — Erweiterte Anforderungen an ein Transferpreiskonzept. Kreditwesen, Vol. 11, No. 33, pp. 579—582.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schierenbeck H., Holländer D., Picker M. (2013). Marktzinsmethode 2.0 — Erweiterte Anforderungen an ein Transferpreiskonzept. Kreditwesen, Vol. 11, No. 33, pp. 579—582.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shalizi C. (2015). Lecture 10: F-Tests, R2, and other distractions. In: Modern regression: Lecture course “36-401” and “36-607” materials). https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/mreg/15/lectures/10/lecture-10.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalizi C. (2015). Lecture 10: F-Tests, R2, and other distractions. In: Modern regression: Lecture course “36-401” and “36-607” materials). https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~cshalizi/mreg/15/lectures/10/lecture-10.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Economist (2018). To understand digital advertising, study its algorithms. A Skinner box for software. The Economist, March 22. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/03/22/to-understand-digital-advertising-study-its-algorithms</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Economist (2018). To understand digital advertising, study its algorithms. A Skinner box for software. The Economist, March 22. https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2018/03/22/to-understand-digital-advertising-study-its-algorithms</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasicek O. (1987). Probability of loss on loan portfolio. San Francisco, CA: KMV Corporation.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasicek O. (1987). Probability of loss on loan portfolio. San Francisco, CA: KMV Corporation.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
