voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2017-11-50-62voprecotest-358Research ArticleВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИISSUES OF THEORYСоциально-экономические эффекты языкового разнообразияSocietal and economic effects of linguistic diversityВеберШ.WeberS.

Ph.D., ректор, научный руководитель лаборатории исследования социальных отношений и многообразия общества Российской экономической школы (Москва), почетный профессор Южного методистского университета (Даллас, США)

noemail@neicon.ruДавыдовД. В.DavydovD.

д.  э.  н., доцент, в.  н.  с. лаборатории исследования социальных отношений и многообразия общества Российской экономической школы (Москва)

ddavydov@nes.ruРоссийская экономическая школа ; Южный методистский университетСоединённые Штаты АмерикиNew Economic SchoolUnited StatesРоссийская экономическая школаРоссияNew Economic SchoolRussian Federation2017201120170115062Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20172017Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/358

В работе рассматривается развитие подходов к определению, свойствам и количественной оценке языкового разнообразия в контексте анализа социокультурных эффектов и экономического развития на уровне локальных сообществ, регионов, стран и межстранового взаимодействия. Основное внимание уделяется теоретическому обоснованию количественных методов формирования индексов языкового разнообразия и особенностям эмпирического анализа влияния разнообразия на различные социальноэкономические явления.

We discuss the various approaches to identification and quantitative measurement of linguistic diversity. Through the examination of theoretical underpinnings of diversity indices and the empirical measurement of diversity, we analyze how the linguistic differences alter economic behavior of various individuals and groups. We then turn to the impact of linguistic diversity on economic and social outcomes, such as economic development, growth, and quality of the institutions on regional and country level.

языковое разнообразиеязыковые расстоянияэффективностьстандартизацияlinguistic diversitylinguistic distancesefficiencystandardizationReferencesВебер Ш., Давыдов Д., Савватеев А. (2017). Институты принятия решений // Вопросы экономики. № 6. С. 45-57.Weber S., Davydov D., Savvateev A. (2017). Institutions of decision-making. Voprosy Ekonomiki, No. 6, pp. 45—57. (In Russian).]Boas F. (1940). Race, language and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Boas F. (1940). Race, language and culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Breton A. (1978). Bilingualism: An economic approach. Montreal: C.D. Howe Institute.Breton A. (1978). Bilingualism: An economic approach. Montreal: C.D. Howe Institute.Bretton H. (1976). Political science, language, and politics. In: O’Barr W., O’Barr J. (eds.). Language and Politics. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 432-448. Chen M. (2013). The effect of language on economic behavior: evidence from savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets. American Economic Review, Vol. 103, No. 2, рр. 690-731.Bretton H. (1976). Political science, language, and politics. In: O’Barr W., O’Barr J. (eds.). Language and Politics. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 432-448. Chen M. (2013). The effect of language on economic behavior: evidence from savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets. American Economic Review, Vol. 103, No. 2, рр. 690-731.Chiswick B., Miller P. (2007). The economics of language, international analyses. London and New York: Routledge.Chiswick B., Miller P. (2007). The economics of language, international analyses. London and New York: Routledge.Chomsky N. (1955). Logical syntax and semantics: their linguistic relevance. Language, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 36-45.Chomsky N. (1955). Logical syntax and semantics: their linguistic relevance. Language, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 36-45.Church J., King I. (1993). Bilingualism and network externalities. Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 337-345.Church J., King I. (1993). Bilingualism and network externalities. Canadian Journal of Economics, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 337-345.Dryer M. S., Haspelmath M. (eds.) (2013). The World atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.infoDryer M. S., Haspelmath M. (eds.) (2013). The World atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.infoDyen I. (1965). A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages (Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 19). Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press.Dyen I. (1965). A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages (Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 19). Baltimore, MD: Waverly Press.Dyen I., Kruskal J. B., Black P. (1992). An Indo-European classification: a lexicostatistical experiment. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 1-132.Dyen I., Kruskal J. B., Black P. (1992). An Indo-European classification: a lexicostatistical experiment. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 82, No. 5, pp. 1-132.Fearon J. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 195-222.Fearon J. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 195-222.Fearon J., Laitin D. (1999). Weak states, rough terrain, and large ethnic violence since 1945. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, 2-5 September, Atlanta, GA.Fearon J., Laitin D. (1999). Weak states, rough terrain, and large ethnic violence since 1945. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Political Science Association, 2-5 September, Atlanta, GA.Fearon J., Laitin D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency and civil war. American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 75-90.Fearon J., Laitin D. (2003). Ethnicity, insurgency and civil war. American Political Science Review, Vol. 97, No. 1, pp. 75-90.Fishman J. (1966). Some contrasts between linguistically homogeneous and linguisti-cally heterogeneous polities. Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 146-158.Fishman J. (1966). Some contrasts between linguistically homogeneous and linguisti-cally heterogeneous polities. Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 146-158.Gabszewicz J., Ginsburgh V., Weber S. (2011). Bilingualism and communicative benefits. Annals of Economics and Statistics, No. 101/102, pp. 271-286.Gabszewicz J., Ginsburgh V., Weber S. (2011). Bilingualism and communicative benefits. Annals of Economics and Statistics, No. 101/102, pp. 271-286.Galor O., Özak Ö., Sarid A. (2016). Geographical origins and economic consequences of language structures. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 10379.Galor O., Özak Ö., Sarid A. (2016). Geographical origins and economic consequences of language structures. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 10379.Gamkrelidze T., Ivanov V. (1990). The early history of Indo-European languages. Scientific American, Vol. 262, No. 3, pp. 82-89.Gamkrelidze T., Ivanov V. (1990). The early history of Indo-European languages. Scientific American, Vol. 262, No. 3, pp. 82-89.Ginsburgh V., Melitz J., Toubal F. (2015). Foreign language learning: An econometric analysis. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 10101.Ginsburgh V., Melitz J., Toubal F. (2015). Foreign language learning: An econometric analysis. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 10101.Ginsburgh V., Ortuño-Ortín I., Weber S. (2007). Learning foreign languages: theoretical and empirical implications of the Selten and Pool model. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 337-347.Ginsburgh V., Ortuño-Ortín I., Weber S. (2007). Learning foreign languages: theoretical and empirical implications of the Selten and Pool model. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 64, No. 3-4, pp. 337-347.Greenberg J. (1956). The measurement of linguistic diversity. Language, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 109-115.Greenberg J. (1956). The measurement of linguistic diversity. Language, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 109-115.Greenberg J. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Greenberg J. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Grenier G. (1984). The effects of language characteristics on the wages of hispanicamerican males. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 35-52.Grenier G. (1984). The effects of language characteristics on the wages of hispanicamerican males. Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 35-52.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23-48.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23-48.Hart-Gonzalez L., Lindemann S. (1993). Expected achievement in speaking proficiency. Washington, DC: School of Language Studies, Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State.Hart-Gonzalez L., Lindemann S. (1993). Expected achievement in speaking proficiency. Washington, DC: School of Language Studies, Foreign Service Institute, US Department of State.Humboldt W. von (1988 [1836]). The Diversity of human languagestructure and its influence on the mental development of Mankind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Humboldt W. von (1988 [1836]). The Diversity of human languagestructure and its influence on the mental development of Mankind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Laitin D. (2000). What is a language community? American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 142-155.Laitin D. (2000). What is a language community? American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 142-155.Levenstein V. (1966). Binary codes capable of correction deletions, insertions, and reversals. Cybernetics and Control Theory, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 707-710.Levenstein V. (1966). Binary codes capable of correction deletions, insertions, and reversals. Cybernetics and Control Theory, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 707-710.Kibbee D. (2003). Language policy and linguistic theory. In: J. Maurais, M. Morris (eds.). Languages in a globalising world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-57.Kibbee D. (2003). Language policy and linguistic theory. In: J. Maurais, M. Morris (eds.). Languages in a globalising world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 47-57.Ku H., Zussman A. (2008). Lingua franca: The role of English in international trade. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 250-260.Ku H., Zussman A. (2008). Lingua franca: The role of English in international trade. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 250-260.Marschak J. (1965). Economics of language. Behavioral Science, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 135-140.Marschak J. (1965). Economics of language. Behavioral Science, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 135-140.McManus W., Gould W., Welch F. (1978). Earnings of Hispanic men: The role of English language proficiency. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 101-130.McManus W., Gould W., Welch F. (1978). Earnings of Hispanic men: The role of English language proficiency. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 101-130.Nerbonne J., Heeringa W. (1997). Measuring dialect difference phonetically. In: J. Coleman (ed.). Workshop on computational phonology. Madrid: Special Interest Group of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 11-18.Nerbonne J., Heeringa W. (1997). Measuring dialect difference phonetically. In: J. Coleman (ed.). Workshop on computational phonology. Madrid: Special Interest Group of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 11-18.Pagel M., Atkinson Q., Calude A., Meade A. (2013). Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 21, pp. 8471-8476.Pagel M., Atkinson Q., Calude A., Meade A. (2013). Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 21, pp. 8471-8476.Pool J. (1972). National development and language diversity. In: J. Fishman (ed.). Advances in the sociology of language, Vol. II. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 213-230.Pool J. (1972). National development and language diversity. In: J. Fishman (ed.). Advances in the sociology of language, Vol. II. The Hague: Mouton, pp. 213-230.Roth A., Prasnikar V., Okuno-Fujiwara M., Zamir S. (1991). Bargaining and market power in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An experimental study. American Economic Review, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 1068-1095.Roth A., Prasnikar V., Okuno-Fujiwara M., Zamir S. (1991). Bargaining and market power in Jerusalem, Ljubljana, Pittsburgh, and Tokyo: An experimental study. American Economic Review, Vol. 81, No. 5, pp. 1068-1095.Ruhlen M. (1994). The origin of language. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Ruhlen M. (1994). The origin of language. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Sapir E. (1949). Selected writings in language, culture and personality. Mandelbaum D. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Sapir E. (1949). Selected writings in language, culture and personality. Mandelbaum D. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.Selten R., Pool J. (1991). The distribution of foreign language skills as a game equilibrium. In: R. Selten (ed.). Game equilibrium models IV: Social and political interaction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 64-87.Selten R., Pool J. (1991). The distribution of foreign language skills as a game equilibrium. In: R. Selten (ed.). Game equilibrium models IV: Social and political interaction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 64-87.Simons G. F., Fennig C. D. (eds.) (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 20th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International.Simons G. F., Fennig C. D. (eds.) (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. 20th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International.Swadesh M. (1952). Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 121-137.Swadesh M. (1952). Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 121-137.Whorf B. (1956). Language, thought and reality: selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Carroll J. B. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Whorf B. (1956). Language, thought and reality: selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Carroll J. B. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.