voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2021-1-52-72voprecotest-3346Research ArticleВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИISSUES OF THEORYКризис институтов политической конкуренции, интернет и коллаборативная демократияCrisis of institutions of political competition, Internet and collaborative democracyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-6823ПолтеровичВ. М.PolterovichV. M.

Полтерович Виктор Меерович, академик РАН;

руководитель научного направления ЦЭМИ РАН, замдиректора МШЭ МГУ

Москва

Victor M. Polterovich

Moscow

polterov@mail.ruЦентральный экономико-математический институт РАН; Московская школа экономики МГУ имени М. В. ЛомоносоваРоссияCentral Economics and Mathematics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow School of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202112012021015272Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20212021Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/3346

В статье исследуется кризис современной западной демократии. Отмечается, что важными причинами кризиса являются замедление экономического роста и углубление неравенства в развитых странах. Показано, что жесткая межпартийная конкуренция неизбежно порождает механизм деградации моральных норм в политической сфере и снижения эффективности политической системы. Эти процессы резко интенсифицировались в результате распространения интернета. Они способствовали одновременно снижению уровня участия граждан в выборах и охлократизации политической системы. Показано также, что ряд трансформаций, происходящих в западных странах, направлен на совершенствование механизмов взаимодействия государства и общества и помогает преодолеть кризис. К ним относятся возрастание роли парламентских комитетов, увеличение числа партий, масштабные реформы управления общественным сектором на основе сотрудничества. В этом контексте анализируются опыт применения е-платформ и возможности институциональных коллаборативных платформ. Предлагается концепция коллаборативной демократии, основанная на анализе изученных тенденций. Механизм коллаборативной демократии должен обеспечить расширение возможностей выбора и прямое участие граждан в принятии решений, контроль издержек политической конкуренции и приверженность этическим нормам, предотвращение охлократизации и повышение эффективности управления. Намечены контуры этого механизма. Он опирается на использование пропорциональной избирательной системы специального типа, системы экспертных советов и коллаборативных платформ для принятия государственных решений, а также на применение правил принятия решений, близких к консенсусу. Обсуждается значение этих выводов для России.

The article examines the crisis of modern Western democracy. It is noted that the important causes of the crisis are slowing down of economic growth and deepening inequality in developed countries. It is shown that inter-party competition inevitably generates a mechanism of degradation of moral norms in the political sphere and reduction of the political system efficiency. These processes have intensified dramatically as a result of the spread of the Internet. They contributed to the reduction of citizens’ participation in political life and at the same time to the ochlocratization of the political system. It is shown as well that a number of transformations taking place in the Western countries are aimed at improvement of interaction mechanisms between the state and society and contribute to overcoming the crisis. These include expanding the role of parliamentary committees, increasing the number of parties, largescale reforms of public sector governance basing on collaboration. In this context, the experience of e-platforms and the possibilities of institutional collaborative platforms are analyzed. The concept of collaborative democracy is proposed, based on the analysis of the trends studied. The mechanism for collaborative democracy should ensure greater choice and broader direct participation of citizens in decision-making, control the costs of political competition and maintain ethical standards, prevent ochlocratization and improve governance. Contours of this mechanism are outlined. It is based on the use of a proportional electoral system of a special type, a system of expert councils and collaborative platforms for public decision-making, as well as on the implementation of decision-making rules close to consensus. The significance of these conclusions for Russia is discussed.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.