voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2020-8-95-127voprecotest-2967Research ArticleДИСКУССИОННЫЙ КЛУБDEBATING SOCIETYУниверсальный базовый доход: есть ли у него будущее?Universal basic income: Does it have a future?https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-2110КапелюшниковР. И.KapeliushnikovR. I.

Капелюшников Ростислав Исаакович, чл.-корр. РАН, д. э. н., гл. н. с. ИМЭМО РАН, замдиректора Центра трудовых исследований НИУ ВШЭ

Москва

Rostislav I. Kapeliushnikov

Moscow

rostis@hse.ruНациональный исследовательский институт мировой экономики и международных отношений имени Е. М. Примакова РАН; Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»РоссияPrimakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, RAS; National Research University Higher School of EconomicsRussian Federation2020030820200895127Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20202020Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/2967

В последнее время универсальный базовый доход (UBI) стал одной из наиболее обсуждаемых тем как в академической, так и в публицис тической литературе. В работе подробно описывается концептуальное ядро этого проекта, критически оцениваются философские, моральные и экономические аргументы, выдвигаемые как за, так и против него, а также обобщается опыт практической реализации близких ему по духу социальных экспериментов. Отмечается, что UBI следует рассматривать как глобальный политико-философский и этико-экономический проект. Этим объясняется, почему его полноформатный вариант еще нигде не был реализован на практике и последствия его внедрения неизвестны. Анализ ведется в сравнительно-институциональной перспективе, что позволяет выделить наиболее важные отличия этой схемы от альтернативных форм социальной поддержки. Обсуждаются три линии аргументации, обосновывающие необходимость перехода к базовому доходу: нормативная, позитивная и «алармистская» (отсылающая к негативным процессам на рынке труда). Сделан вывод, что будущего у проекта UBI как реальной программы действий нет. Он противоречит новейшим трендам в эволю ции государства благосостояния, связанные с ним издержки фискально неподъемны; большинством населения он воспринимается как морально неприемлемый. Скорее всего, UBI ждет судьба очередной кабинетной утопии.

Recently, universal basic income (UBI) has become one of the most hotly debated issues in both academic and popular literature. The paper describes the conceptual core of this project, critically evaluates the philosophical, moral and economic arguments put forward both “for” and “against” it, and summarizes evidence on implementation of social programs close to it “in spirit”. It is emphasized that UBI should be viewed as a global politico-philosophical and ethico-economic project. This explains why its full-fledged version has never been put into practice anywhere and the consequences of its real introduction are unknown. The analysis is conducted in a comparative institutional perspective, which allows us to highlight the most important differences between this scheme and alternative forms of social support. Three lines of its justification are discussed — normative, positive and “alarmist” (referring to negative processes in the labor market) ones. The author concludes that UBI has no future as a real program of action. This project contradicts the latest trends in the evolution of welfare state; the costs associated with it are fiscally unbearable; most people perceive it as morally unacceptable. Most likely, UBI will end up as another cabinet utopia.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.