voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2020-7-92-107voprecotest-2944Research ArticleИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯINSTITUTIONAL STUDIESСможет ли доверие стать фактором роста экономики? Динамика уровня доверия у российской молодежиCan trust become a factor of economic growth? Dynamic changes in the level of trust of Russian youthhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-6884БахтигараеваА. И.BakhtigaraevaA. I.

Бахтигараева Асия Инсуровна, аспирант экономического факультета МГУ, вед. специалист научно-методического отдела Института национальных проектов

Москва

Asiia I. Bakhtigaraeva

Moscow 

a.bahtigaraeva@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-5755СтавинскаяА. А.StavinskayaA. A.

Ставинская Александра Александровна, к. э. н., доцент кафедры прикладной институциональной экономики экономического факультета МГУ, руководитель научно-методического отдела Института национальных проектов

Москва

Alexandra A. Stavinskaya

Moscow 

astavinskaya@inp.ruМГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова; Институт национальных проектовРоссияLomonosov Moscow State University; Institute for National ProjectsRussian Federation2020070720200792107Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20202020Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/2944

В статье рассматриваются роль доверия в экономике, механизмы его накопления и возможности использования как одного из факторов роста в будущем. Анализируются преимущества и недостатки измерения уровня обобщенного доверия с помощью альтернативных вопросов — о доверии людям в целом и о доверии незнакомым людям. Приведены результаты анализа данных, демонстрирующих динамику уровня обобщенного доверия у российской молодежи, которые получены в рамках исследования, проведенного Институтом национальных проектов в 10 регионах России. Показано, что в процессе обучения в вузе значимых изменений в доверии людям в целом не происходит. При этом уровень доверия к незнакомым падает, что может негативно сказаться на уровне доверия в стране в целом и на развитии экономики в будущем. Обсуждаются возможные причины наблюдаемых тенденций и роль, которую в этом играют университеты. Поставлен вопрос о связи между уровнем образования и обобщенным доверием в странах с разным качеством институциональной среды.

 

The article considers the role of trust in the economy, the mechanisms of its accumulation and the possibility of using it as one of the growth factors in the future. The advantages and disadvantages of measuring the level of generalized trust using two alternative questions — about trusting people in general and trusting strangers — are analyzed. The results of the analysis of dynamics of the level of generalized trust among Russian youth, obtained within the study of the Institute for National Projects in 10 regions of Russia, are presented. It is shown that there are no significant changes in trust in people in general during the study at university. At the same time, the level of trust in strangers falls, which can negatively affect the level of trust in the country as a whole, and as a result have negative effects on the development of the economy in the future. Possible causes of the observed trends and the role of universities are discussed. Also the question about the connection between the level of education and generalized trust in countries with different quality of the institutional environment is raised.

обобщенное довериеуниверситетыобразованиекачество институтовgeneralized trustuniversitieseducationquality of institutionsАвторы выражают благодарность администрации и представителям вузов ФУМО, Тюнинг-центру ЭФ МГУ за содействие в проведении исследования ценностей российских студентов экономических специальностей, а также А. А. Аузану, В. А. Брызгалину, А. В. Золотову, Е. Н. Никишиной и Н. А. Припузовой за совместную работу и обсуждения в ходе исследования.ReferencesАузан А. А. (2013). Миссия университета: взгляд экономиста // Вопросы образования. № 3. С. 266—286. https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2013-3-266-286Auzan A. A. (2013). University mission: An economist’s perspective. Voprosy Obrazovaniya, No. 3, pp. 266—286. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2013-3-266-286Татарко А. Н., Лебедева Н. М. (2009). Социальный капитал: теория и психологические исследования. М.: РУДН.Tatarko A. N., Lebedeva N. M. (2009). Social capital : Theory and psychological research. Moscow: RUDN University. (In Russian).ЦМИ Сбербанка (2013). Потребительское поведение через призму доверия и ответственности. Исследование Левада-Центра по заказу ЦМИ Сбербанка. М.: Центр макроэкономических исследований Сбербанка России.Centre for Macroeconomic Research of Sberbank of Russia (2013). Consumer behavior through the prism of trust and responsibility. The study of Levada-Center commissioned by the Centre for Macroeconomic Research of Sberbank of Russia. (In Russian).Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 4, pp. 1231—1294. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935025Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 4, pp. 1231—1294. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355302320935025Acemoglu D., Robinson J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity , and poverty. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Acemoglu D., Robinson J. A. (2012). Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity , and poverty. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Aghion P., Algan Y., Cahuc P., Shleifer A. (2010). Regulation and distrust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 1015—1049. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.3.1015Aghion P., Algan Y., Cahuc P., Shleifer A. (2010). Regulation and distrust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 125, No. 3, pp. 1015—1049. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.3.1015Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2014). Trust, growth, and well-being: New evidence and policy implications. In: P. Aghion, S. N. Durlauf (eds.). Handbook of economic growth, Vol. 2, pp. 49—120. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-2.00002-2Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2014). Trust, growth, and well-being: New evidence and policy implications. In: P. Aghion, S. N. Durlauf (eds.). Handbook of economic growth, Vol. 2, pp. 49—120. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-2.00002-2Algan Y., Cahuc P., Shleifer A. (2013). Teaching practices and social capital. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 189—210. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.189Algan Y., Cahuc P., Shleifer A. (2013). Teaching practices and social capital. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 189—210. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.5.3.189Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 207—234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 207—234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6Allport G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.Allport G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.Barro R. J. (2003). Determinants of economic growth in a panel of countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, pp. 231—274.Barro R. J. (2003). Determinants of economic growth in a panel of countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, Vol. 4, pp. 231—274.Bisin A., Verdier T. (2000). “Beyond the melting pot”: Cultural transmission, marriage, and the evolution of ethnic and religious traits. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 3, pp. 955—988. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554953Bisin A., Verdier T. (2000). “Beyond the melting pot”: Cultural transmission, marriage, and the evolution of ethnic and religious traits. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 3, pp. 955—988. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554953Bisin A., Verdier T. (2001). The economics of cultural transmission and the evolution of preferences. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 298—319. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2678Bisin A., Verdier T. (2001). The economics of cultural transmission and the evolution of preferences. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 298—319. https://doi.org/10.1006/jeth.2000.2678Bisin A., Topa G., Verdier T. (2004). Cooperation as a transmitted cultural trait. Rationality and Society, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 477—507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463104046695Bisin A., Topa G., Verdier T. (2004). Cooperation as a transmitted cultural trait. Rationality and Society, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 477—507. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463104046695Boldeanu F. T., Constantinescu L. (2015). The main determinants affecting economic growth. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 329—338.Boldeanu F. T., Constantinescu L. (2015). The main determinants affecting economic growth. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Economic Sciences. Series V, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 329—338.Charron N., Rothstein B. (2016). Does education lead to higher generalized trust? The importance of quality of government. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 50, pp. 59—73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.009Charron N., Rothstein B. (2016). Does education lead to higher generalized trust? The importance of quality of government. International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. 50, pp. 59—73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.05.009Coleman J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, pp. 95—120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943Coleman J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, pp. 95—120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943Delhey J., Newton K., Welzel C. (2011). How general is trust in “most people”? Solving the radius of trust problem. American Sociological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 786—807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411420817Delhey J., Newton K., Welzel C. (2011). How general is trust in “most people”? Solving the radius of trust problem. American Sociological Review, Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 786—807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411420817Djankov S., Glaeser E., La Porta R., Lopez-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. (2003). The new comparative economics. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 595—619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.08.005Djankov S., Glaeser E., La Porta R., Lopez-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. (2003). The new comparative economics. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 595—619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.08.005Feigenberg B., Field E., Pande R. (2013). The economic returns to social interaction: Experimental evidence from microfinance. Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 1459—1483. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt016Feigenberg B., Field E., Pande R. (2013). The economic returns to social interaction: Experimental evidence from microfinance. Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 1459—1483. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdt016Fountain J. E. (1997). Social capital: A key enabler of innovation in science and technology. In: L. M. Branscomb, J. Keller (еds.). Investing in innovation: Toward a consensus strategy for federal technology policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 84—111.Fountain J. E. (1997). Social capital: A key enabler of innovation in science and technology. In: L. M. Branscomb, J. Keller (еds.). Investing in innovation: Toward a consensus strategy for federal technology policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 84—111.Francois P., Zabojnik J. (2005). Trust, social capital, and economic development. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 51—94. https://doi.org/10.1162/1542476053295304Francois P., Zabojnik J. (2005). Trust, social capital, and economic development. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 51—94. https://doi.org/10.1162/1542476053295304Glaeser E. L., Laibson D. I., Scheinkman J. A., Soutter C. L. (2000). Measuring trust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 3, pp. 811—846. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554926Glaeser E. L., Laibson D. I., Scheinkman J. A., Soutter C. L. (2000). Measuring trust. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 3, pp. 811—846. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554926Glaeser E. L., Sacerdote B., Scheinkman J. A. (1996). Crime and social interactions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 507—548. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946686Glaeser E. L., Sacerdote B., Scheinkman J. A. (1996). Crime and social interactions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 111, No. 2, pp. 507—548. https://doi.org/10.2307/2946686Glanville J. L., Story W. T. (2018). Social capital and self-rated health: Clarifying the role of trust. Social Science Research, Vol. 71, pp. 98—108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.002Glanville J. L., Story W. T. (2018). Social capital and self-rated health: Clarifying the role of trust. Social Science Research, Vol. 71, pp. 98—108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.002Granato J., Inglehart R., Leblang D. (1996). The effect of cultural values on economic development: Theory, hypotheses, and some empirical tests. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 607—631. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111786Granato J., Inglehart R., Leblang D. (1996). The effect of cultural values on economic development: Theory, hypotheses, and some empirical tests. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 607—631. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111786Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 225—282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 225—282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(02)00202-7Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2004). The role of social capital in financial development. American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 526—556. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464498Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2004). The role of social capital in financial development. American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 526—556. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828041464498Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2008a). Trusting the stock market. Journal of Finance, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2557—2600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01408.xGuiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2008a). Trusting the stock market. Journal of Finance, Vol. 63, No. 6, pp. 2557—2600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01408.xGuiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2008b). Alfred Marshall lecture social capital as good culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2—3, pp. 295—320. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.295Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2008b). Alfred Marshall lecture social capital as good culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2—3, pp. 295—320. https://doi.org/10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.295Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2010). Civic capital as a missing link. NBER Working Paper, No. 15845. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15845Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2010). Civic capital as a missing link. NBER Working Paper, No. 15845. https://doi.org/10.3386/w15845Helliwell J. F., Putnam R. D. (2004). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 359, No. 1449, pp. 1435—1446. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522Helliwell J. F., Putnam R. D. (2004). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 359, No. 1449, pp. 1435—1446. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522Inglehart R., Haerpfer C., Moreno A., Welzel C., Kizilova K., Diez-Medrano J., Lagos M., Norris P., Ponarin E., Puranen B. et al. (eds.). (2014). World Values Survey: Round six — country-pooled datafile version. Madrid: JD Systems Institute.Inglehart R., Haerpfer C., Moreno A., Welzel C., Kizilova K., Diez-Medrano J., Lagos M., Norris P., Ponarin E., Puranen B. et al. (eds.). (2014). World Values Survey: Round six — country-pooled datafile version. Madrid: JD Systems Institute.Knack S., Keefer P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251—1288. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475Knack S., Keefer P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251—1288. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555475Mewes J. (2014). Gen(d)eralized trust: women, work, and trust in strangers. European Sociological Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 373—386. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu049Mewes J. (2014). Gen(d)eralized trust: women, work, and trust in strangers. European Sociological Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 373—386. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcu049OECD (2017). OECD guidelines on measuring trust. Paris: OECD Publishing.OECD (2017). OECD guidelines on measuring trust. Paris: OECD Publishing.OECD (2018). Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. OECD Statistics Working Papers, No 89.OECD (2018). Trust and its determinants: Evidence from the Trustlab experiment. OECD Statistics Working Papers, No 89.Putnam R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65—78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002Putnam R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 65—78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002Putnam R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.Putnam R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster.Putnam R. D., Leonardi R., Nanetti R. Y. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Putnam R. D., Leonardi R., Nanetti R. Y. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Ramseyer J. M. (2015). Social capital and the formal legal system: Evidence from prefecture-level data in Japan. Journal of Legal Analysis, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 421—466. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/lav008Ramseyer J. M. (2015). Social capital and the formal legal system: Evidence from prefecture-level data in Japan. Journal of Legal Analysis, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 421—466. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/lav008Reeskens T., Hooghe M. (2008). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of generalized trust. Evidence from the European Social Survey (2002 and 2004). Social Indicators Research, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 515—532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9100-zReeskens T., Hooghe M. (2008). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of generalized trust. Evidence from the European Social Survey (2002 and 2004). Social Indicators Research, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 515—532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9100-zSturgis P., Smith P. (2010). Assessing the validity of generalized trust questions: What kind of trust are we measuring? International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 74—92. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq003Sturgis P., Smith P. (2010). Assessing the validity of generalized trust questions: What kind of trust are we measuring? International Journal of Public Opinion Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 74—92. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq003Uslaner E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.Uslaner E. M. (2002). The moral foundations of trust. New York: Cambridge University Press.Whiteley P. F. (2000). Economic growth and social capital. Political Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 443—466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00269Whiteley P. F. (2000). Economic growth and social capital. Political Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 443—466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00269Woolcock M., Narayan D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 225—249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225Woolcock M., Narayan D. (2000). Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 225—249. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225Zak P. J., Knack S. (2001). Trust and growth. Economic Journal, Vol. 111, No. 470, pp. 295—321. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00609Zak P. J., Knack S. (2001). Trust and growth. Economic Journal, Vol. 111, No. 470, pp. 295—321. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00609

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.