<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">voprecotest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вопросы экономики</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Voprosy Ekonomiki</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0042-8736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32609/0042-8736-2017-1-142-155</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">voprecotest-273</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУЧНЫЕ СООБЩЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH NOTES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сквозь призму Испании. Социально-экономические причины различного исхода гражданской войны в России и Испании</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Through the prism of Spain. Socio-economic causes of different outcomes of Russian and Spanish civil wars</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розинский</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozinskiy</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. э. н. (Москва)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Розинская</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozinskaya</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. э. н., доцент кафедры истории народного хозяйства и экономических учений экономического факультета МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова (Москва)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rozinskaya@econ.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>142</fpage><lpage>155</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/273">https://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/273</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье анализируются социально-экономические причины, по которым гражданская война в Испании в 1936-1939 гг. завершилась, в отличие от гражданской войны в России, победой «белых». Выбор Испании в качестве объекта сопоставления с Россией обусловлен не только сходством гражданских войн, пережитых этими странами в ХХ в., но и наличием большого количества параллелей в их истории. Основываясь на статистических данных об изменении благосостояния различных групп населения Испании в течение нескольких десятилетий, предшествовавших гражданской войне, авторы формулируют гипотезу, согласно которой происходившее повышение реальных доходов испанцев, занятых в сельском хозяйстве, определило их консервативные политические симпатии. В результате, в отличие от России, где крестьянство в своей массе не поддержало «белых», в Испании его позиция решила исход противостояния в пользу испанского аналога Белого движения. По мнению авторов, возможность стабильного повышения доходов испанских крестьян возникла вследствие неучастия Испании в Первой мировой войне и ограниченного, по сравнению с Россией и рядом других стран, расходования средств на создание тяжелой промышленности, прежде всего военной.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the socio-economic causes of the outcome of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1936), which, as opposed to the Russian Civil War, resulted in the victory of the “Whites”. Choice of Spain as the object of comparison with Russia is justified not only by similarity of civil wars occurred in the two countries in the XX century, but also by a large number of common features in their history. Based on statistical data on the changes in economic well-being of different strata of Spanish population during several decades before the civil war, the authors formulate the hypothesis according to which the increase of real incomes of Spaniards engaged in agriculture is “responsible” for their conservative political sympathies. As a result, contrary to the situation in Russia, where the peasantry did not support the Whites, in Spain the peasants’ position predetermined the outcome of the confrontation resulting in the victory of the Spanish analogue of the Whites. According to the authors, the possibility of stable increase of Spanish peasants’ incomes was caused by the nation’s non-involvement in World War I and also by more limited, compared to Russia and some other countries, spending on creation of heavy (primarily military-related) industry in Spain.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история экономики Испании</kwd><kwd>экономический рост</kwd><kwd>модернизация</kwd><kwd>гражданская война</kwd><kwd>испанская революция</kwd><kwd>российские революции 1917 г</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>economic history of Spain</kwd><kwd>economic growth</kwd><kwd>modernization</kwd><kwd>civil war</kwd><kwd>Spanish revolution</kwd><kwd>Russian revolutions</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Багно В. Е. (ред.) (2001). Пограничные культуры между Востоком и Западом: Россия и Испания. СПб.: Союз писателей Санкт-Петербурга</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagno V. E. (ed.). Border cultures between the East and the West: Russia and Spain. St. Petersburg: Soyuz pisateley Sankt-Peterburga. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Боткин В. П. (1976). Письма об Испании. Л.: Наука</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Botkin V. P. (1976). Letters about Spain. Leningrad: Nauka. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гарсиа Х. (1963). Диктатура Примо де Ривера. М.: Изд-во АН СССР</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garcia J. (1963). The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гершенкрон А. (2015). Экономическая отсталость в исторической перспективе. М.: Дело</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerschenkron А. (2015). Economic backwardness in historical perspective. Moscow: Delo. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калугина Е. О. (2001). «Черная легенда» об Испании в русской культуре // Пограничные культуры между Востоком и Западом: Россия и Испания / Под ред. В. Е. Багно. СПб.: Союз писателей Санкт-Петербурга. С. 252-257</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalugina E.  O. (2001). “Black legend” about Spain in Russian culture. In: V. E. Bagno (ed.). Border cultures between the East and the West: Russia and Spain. St. Petersburg: Soyuz pisateley Sankt-Peterburga, pp. 252—257. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лал Д. (2009). Возвращение «невидимой руки»: актуальность классического либерализма в XXI веке. М.: Новое издательство</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lal D. (2009). Reviving the invisible hand. The case for classical liberalism in the twenty-first century. Moscow: Novoe Izdatelstvo. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пожарская С. П. (2008). Исторические корни Гражданской войны в Испании (1936-1939): взгляд из XXI века // Испанский альманах. Вып. 1: Власть, общество и личность в истории. М.: Наука. С. 15-36</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pozharskaya S. P. (2008). The historical roots of the Spanish civil war (1936—1939): A view from the XXI century. In: Spanish almanac. Issue 1: Power, society, and the individual in history. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 15—36. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рыбалкин Ю. Е. (2000). Операция «Х». Советская военная помощь республиканской Испании (1936-1939). М.: АИРО-ХХ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rybalkin Yu. E. (2000). Operation “X”. Soviet military assistance to the Spanish Republic (1936—1939). Moscow: AIRO-ХХ. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хантингтон С. (2003). Столкновение цивилизаций и преобразование мирового порядка. М.: АСТ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huntington S. (2003). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. Moscow: AST. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шубин А. В. (2016). Великая испанская революция. М.: Книжный дом «Либроком»</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shubin A. V. (2016). The Great Spanish revolution. Moscow: Librokom. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Asiain S. (2008). La economía espaсola durante la guerra civil: Dos modelos enfrentados. In: E. Fuentes Quintana, F. Comín (coord.). Economía y economistas españoles en la guerra civil. Vol. 1. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, pp. 425-454.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asiain S. (2008). La economía espaсola durante la guerra civil: Dos modelos enfrentados. In: E. Fuentes Quintana, F. Comín (coord.). Economía y economistas españoles en la guerra civil. Vol. 1. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, pp. 425-454.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casanova J. (2008). Las colectivizaciones en el campo: Hechos e ideas. In: E. Fuentes Quintana (dir.), F. Comín (coord.). Economía y economistas españoles en la guerra civil. Vol. 1. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, pp. 455-474.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casanova J. (2008). Las colectivizaciones en el campo: Hechos e ideas. In: E. Fuentes Quintana (dir.), F. Comín (coord.). Economía y economistas españoles en la guerra civil. Vol. 1. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, pp. 455-474.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gallego Morell A. (1971). Estudios y textos ganivetianos. Madrid: CSIC. Ganivet A. (1961). Obras completas. Vol. 2: Epistolario. Madrid: Aguilar.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gallego Morell A. (1971). Estudios y textos ganivetianos. Madrid: CSIC. Ganivet A. (1961). Obras completas. Vol. 2: Epistolario. Madrid: Aguilar.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prados de la Escosura L., Rosés J. (2010). Human capital and economic growth in Spain, 1850-2000. Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 520-532.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prados de la Escosura L., Rosés J. (2010). Human capital and economic growth in Spain, 1850-2000. Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 520-532.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prados de la Escosura L., Sanchez T., Sanz Oliva J. (2006). Long-run economic growth in Spain since the XIXth century: An international perspective. Unpublished manuscript. URL: http://www.sepg.pap.minhap.gob.es/sitios/sepg/es-es/ presupuestos/documentacion/documents/documentos%2 0 de%2 0 trabajo/ dgpd92006.pdf.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prados de la Escosura L., Sanchez T., Sanz Oliva J. (2006). Long-run economic growth in Spain since the XIXth century: An international perspective. Unpublished manuscript. URL: http://www.sepg.pap.minhap.gob.es/sitios/sepg/es-es/ presupuestos/documentacion/documents/documentos%2 0 de%2 0 trabajo/ dgpd92006.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosés J., Sánchez-Alonso B. (2004). Regional wage convergence in Spain 1850-1930. Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 404-425.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosés J., Sánchez-Alonso B. (2004). Regional wage convergence in Spain 1850-1930. Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 404-425.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosés J., Martínez-Galarraga J., Tirado D. (2010). The upswing of regional income inequality in Spain (1860-1930). Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 244-257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosés J., Martínez-Galarraga J., Tirado D. (2010). The upswing of regional income inequality in Spain (1860-1930). Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 244-257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ubieto A., Regla J., Jover J., Seco C. (1991). Introducción a la historia de España. Barcelona: Teide.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ubieto A., Regla J., Jover J., Seco C. (1991). Introducción a la historia de España. Barcelona: Teide.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vicens Vives J. (1969). An economic history of Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vicens Vives J. (1969). An economic history of Spain. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
