voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2016-1-81-106voprecotest-157Research ArticleИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯINSTITUTIONAL STUDIESКультура, имена и экономическое развитиеCulture, names and economic developmentБорисоваЕ. И.BorisovaE.

к.  э.  н., ведущий научный сотрудник Международного центра изучения институтов и развития, доцент факультета экономических наук НИУ ВШЭ (Москва)

eborisova@hse.ruКульковаА. Ю.KulkovaA.

младший научный сотрудник Научно-учебной лаборатории политических исследований, аспирант департамента политической науки НИУ ВШЭ (Москва)

akulkova@hse.ruНИУ ВШЭРоссияNational Research University Higher School of Economics (Moscow, Russia)Russian Federation2016200120160181106Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20162016Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/157

Различные компоненты культуры уже давно находятся в центре внимания экономистов. Многочисленные эмпирические исследования убедительно показали не только статистическую, но и экономическую значимость культурных норм, религии, особенностей языка. В статье на основе современных эмпирических исследований приводятся многочисленные примеры влияния культуры на индивидов - ее носителей. Отдельно рассматриваются имена как ключевой маркер культурной идентичности индивида. Такой анализ позволяет прояснить известный тезис, что «культура имеет значение», понять суть и механизмы влияния культуры.

Various components of culture have long been in the focus of economic research. Numerous empirical studies show that cultural norms, as well as religion and language, matter for economic development and have not only statistical but also economic significance. This paper considers various examples of how culture can affect individual values and behavior. It also deals with personal names as a key marker of one’s cultural identity. Overall, the paper contributes to the more profound understanding of a famous notion that "culture matters", and helps clarify the mechanisms through which culture exerts its influence.

культуракультурные нормыдовериерелигияименаэкономическое развитиеculturecultural normstrustreligionnameseconomic developmentReferencesВебер М. (1990). Протестантская этика и дух капитализма // Вебер М. Избранные произведения. М.: НаукаWeber M. (1990). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. In: Weber M. Selected writings. Moscow: Nauka (In Russian).Ager P., Brückner M. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US during the age of mass migration. European Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. C, pp. 76-97.Ager P., Brückner M. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic growth: Evidence from the US during the age of mass migration. European Economic Review, Vol. 64, No. C, pp. 76-97.Aghion P., Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2011). Can policy affect culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-42.Aghion P., Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2011). Can policy affect culture? Minimum wage and the quality of labor relations. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 3-42.Aghion P., Tirole J. (1997). Formal and real authority in organizations. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 1-29.Aghion P., Tirole J. (1997). Formal and real authority in organizations. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 1-29.Alesina A., Baqir R., Easterly W. (1999). Public goods and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 1243-1284.Alesina A., Baqir R., Easterly W. (1999). Public goods and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 4, pp. 1243-1284.Alesina A., Devleeschauwer A., Easterly W., Kurlat S., Wacziarg R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 155-194.Alesina A., Devleeschauwer A., Easterly W., Kurlat S., Wacziarg R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 155-194.Alesina A., Ferrara E.L. (1999). Participation in heterogeneous communities. NBER Working Papers, No. 7155.Alesina A., Ferrara E.L. (1999). Participation in heterogeneous communities. NBER Working Papers, No. 7155.Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 207-234.Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2002). Who trusts others? Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 207-234.Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 762-800.Alesina A., La Ferrara E. (2005). Ethnic diversity and economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 762-800.Alesina A., Giuliano P. (2011). Preferences for redistribution. In: J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, M. O. Jackson (eds.). Handbook of Social Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 93-131.Alesina A., Giuliano P. (2011). Preferences for redistribution. In: J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, M. O. Jackson (eds.). Handbook of Social Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 93-131.Alesina A., Glaeser E., Sacerdote B. (2001). Why doesn’t the US have a European-style welfare system? NBER Working Papers, No. 8524.Alesina A., Glaeser E., Sacerdote B. (2001). Why doesn’t the US have a European-style welfare system? NBER Working Papers, No. 8524.Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2009). Civic virtue and labor market institutions. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 111-145.Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2009). Civic virtue and labor market institutions. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 111-145.Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2010). Inherited trust and growth. The American Economic Review, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 2060-2092.Algan Y., Cahuc P. (2010). Inherited trust and growth. The American Economic Review, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 2060-2092.Algan Y., Hémet C., Laitin D. (2013a). The social effects of ethnic diversity at the local level: A natural experiment with exogenous residential allocation. Working Papers Sciences Po, No. 00843173.Algan Y., Hémet C., Laitin D. (2013a). The social effects of ethnic diversity at the local level: A natural experiment with exogenous residential allocation. Working Papers Sciences Po, No. 00843173.Algan Y., Mayer T., Thoenig M. (2013b). The economic incentives of cultural transmission: Spatial evidence from naming patterns across France. CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 9416.Algan Y., Mayer T., Thoenig M. (2013b). The economic incentives of cultural transmission: Spatial evidence from naming patterns across France. CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 9416.Anderson C. J., Paskeviciute A. (2006). How ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity influence the prospects for civil society: A comparative study of citizenship behavior. Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 783-802.Anderson C. J., Paskeviciute A. (2006). How ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity influence the prospects for civil society: A comparative study of citizenship behavior. Journal of Politics, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 783-802.Arai M., Thoursie P. S. (2009). Renouncing personal names: An empirical examination of surname change and earnings. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 127-147.Arai M., Thoursie P. S. (2009). Renouncing personal names: An empirical examination of surname change and earnings. Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 127-147.Arikan G. (2013). Values, religiosity and support for redistribution and social policy in Turkey. Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 34-52.Arikan G. (2013). Values, religiosity and support for redistribution and social policy in Turkey. Turkish Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 34-52.Arruсada B. (2010). Protestants and Catholics: Similar work ethic, different social ethic. The Economic Journal, Vol. 120, No. 547, pp. 890-918.Arruсada B. (2010). Protestants and Catholics: Similar work ethic, different social ethic. The Economic Journal, Vol. 120, No. 547, pp. 890-918.Aura S., Hess G. D. (2010). What’s in a name? Economic Inquiry, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 214-227.Aura S., Hess G. D. (2010). What’s in a name? Economic Inquiry, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 214-227.Balan D. J., Knack S. (2012). The correlation between human capital and morality and its effect on economic performance: Theory and evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 457-475.Balan D. J., Knack S. (2012). The correlation between human capital and morality and its effect on economic performance: Theory and evidence. Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 457-475.Baland J.-M., Bardhan P., Das S., Mookherjee D., Sarkar R. (2007). Inequality, collective action and the environment: Evidence from firewood collection in Nepal. In: J.-M. Baland, P.K. Bardhan, S. Bowles (eds.). Inequality, Cooperation and Environmental Sustainability. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 246-274.Baland J.-M., Bardhan P., Das S., Mookherjee D., Sarkar R. (2007). Inequality, collective action and the environment: Evidence from firewood collection in Nepal. In: J.-M. Baland, P.K. Bardhan, S. Bowles (eds.). Inequality, Cooperation and Environmental Sustainability. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 246-274.Bandiera O., Barankay I., Rasul I. (2005). Cooperation in collective action. Economics of Transition, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 473-498.Bandiera O., Barankay I., Rasul I. (2005). Cooperation in collective action. Economics of Transition, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 473-498.Banerjee A., Iyer L., Somanathan R. (2005). History, social divisions, and public goods in rural India. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 3, No. 2-3, pp. 639-647.Banerjee A., Iyer L., Somanathan R. (2005). History, social divisions, and public goods in rural India. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 3, No. 2-3, pp. 639-647.Becker S.O., Woessmann L. (2009). Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory of Protestant economic history. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 531-596.Becker S.O., Woessmann L. (2009). Was Weber wrong? A human capital theory of Protestant economic history. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 124, No. 2, pp. 531-596.Beine M., Docquier F., Özden Ç. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 30-41.Beine M., Docquier F., Özden Ç. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 95, No. 1, pp. 30-41.Bellini E., Ottaviano G. I., Pinelli D., Prarolo G. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic performance: evidence from European regions. In: R. Crescenzi, M. Percoco (eds.). Geography, Institutions and Regional Economic Performance. Heidelberg etc.: Springer, pp. 121-141.Bellini E., Ottaviano G. I., Pinelli D., Prarolo G. (2013). Cultural diversity and economic performance: evidence from European regions. In: R. Crescenzi, M. Percoco (eds.). Geography, Institutions and Regional Economic Performance. Heidelberg etc.: Springer, pp. 121-141.Bertrand M., Mullainathan S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 991-1013.Bertrand M., Mullainathan S. (2004). Are Emily and Greg more employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A field experiment on labor market discrimination. American Economic Review, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 991-1013.Beugelsdijk S., Maseland R. (2011). Culture in economics: History, methodological reflections and contemporary applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Beugelsdijk S., Maseland R. (2011). Culture in economics: History, methodological reflections and contemporary applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Biavaschi C., Giulietti C., Siddique Z. (2013). The economic payoff of name Americanization. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7725.Biavaschi C., Giulietti C., Siddique Z. (2013). The economic payoff of name Americanization. IZA Discussion Paper, No. 7725.Bisin A., Verdier T. (2001). The economics of cultural transmission and the dynamics of preferences. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 298-319.Bisin A., Verdier T. (2001). The economics of cultural transmission and the dynamics of preferences. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp. 298-319.Black S. E., Lynch L. M. (2001). How to compete: the impact of workplace practices and information technology on productivity. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 434-445.Black S. E., Lynch L. M. (2001). How to compete: the impact of workplace practices and information technology on productivity. Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 434-445.Blanchard O., Philippon T. (2004). The quality of labor relations and unemployment. NBER Working Papers, No. 10590.Blanchard O., Philippon T. (2004). The quality of labor relations and unemployment. NBER Working Papers, No. 10590.Bloom N., Sadun R., Van Reenen J. (2012). The organization of firms across countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 1663-1705.Bloom N., Sadun R., Van Reenen J. (2012). The organization of firms across countries. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 127, No. 4, pp. 1663-1705.Boroditsky L. (2010). Lost in Translation: New cognitive research suggests that language profoundly influences the way people see the world; A different sense of blame in Japanese and Spanish. Wall Street Journal. July 23.Boroditsky L. (2010). Lost in Translation: New cognitive research suggests that language profoundly influences the way people see the world; A different sense of blame in Japanese and Spanish. Wall Street Journal. July 23.Botticini M., Eckstein Z. (2007). From farmers to merchants, conversions and diaspora: Human capital and Jewish history. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 885-926.Botticini M., Eckstein Z. (2007). From farmers to merchants, conversions and diaspora: Human capital and Jewish history. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 885-926.Butler J., Giuliano P., Guiso L. (2009). The right amount of trust. NBER Working Papers, No. 15344.Butler J., Giuliano P., Guiso L. (2009). The right amount of trust. NBER Working Papers, No. 15344.Carroll J. B. (ed.) (1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Carroll J. B. (ed.) (1956). Language, thought, and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Chen D. L., Lind J. T. (2005). The political economy of beliefs: Why fiscal and social conservatives/liberals come hand-in-hand. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2470325.Chen D. L., Lind J. T. (2005). The political economy of beliefs: Why fiscal and social conservatives/liberals come hand-in-hand. Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2470325.Chen M. K. (2013). The effect of language on economic behavior: Evidence from savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets. American Economic Review, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 690-731.Chen M. K. (2013). The effect of language on economic behavior: Evidence from savings rates, health behaviors, and retirement assets. American Economic Review, Vol. 103, No. 2, pp. 690-731.Clark A. E., Lelkes O. (2005). Deliver us from evil: Religion as insurance. PSE Working Papers, No. 2005-43.Clark A. E., Lelkes O. (2005). Deliver us from evil: Religion as insurance. PSE Working Papers, No. 2005-43.Collier P. (2000). Ethnicity, politics and economic performance. Economics & Politics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 225-245.Collier P. (2000). Ethnicity, politics and economic performance. Economics & Politics, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 225-245.Disdier A.-C., Head K., Mayer T. (2010). Exposure to foreign media and changes in cultural traits: Evidence from naming patterns in France. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 226-238.Disdier A.-C., Head K., Mayer T. (2010). Exposure to foreign media and changes in cultural traits: Evidence from naming patterns in France. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 226-238.Easterly W., Levine R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1203-1250.Easterly W., Levine R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1203-1250.Ely R. J., Thomas D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 229-273.Ely R. J., Thomas D. A. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 229-273.Esteban J., Ray D. (1999). Conflict and distribution. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 379-415.Esteban J., Ray D. (1999). Conflict and distribution. Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 379-415.Fernández R., Fogli A. (2005). Culture: An empirical investigation of beliefs, work, and fertility. NBER Working Papers, No. 11268.Fernández R., Fogli A. (2005). Culture: An empirical investigation of beliefs, work, and fertility. NBER Working Papers, No. 11268.Fernández R., Fogli A., Olivetti C. (2004). Mothers and sons: Preference formation and female labor force dynamics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No. 4, pp. 1249-1299.Fernández R., Fogli A., Olivetti C. (2004). Mothers and sons: Preference formation and female labor force dynamics. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No. 4, pp. 1249-1299.La Ferrara E. (2003). Kin groups and reciprocity: A model of credit transactions in Ghana. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 3705.La Ferrara E. (2003). Kin groups and reciprocity: A model of credit transactions in Ghana. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 3705.La Ferrara E., Chong A., Duryea S. (2012). Soap operas and fertility: evidence from Brazil. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 1-31.La Ferrara E., Chong A., Duryea S. (2012). Soap operas and fertility: evidence from Brazil. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 1-31.Figlio D. N. (2005). Names, expectations and the black-white test score gap. NBER Working Papers, No. 11195.Figlio D. N. (2005). Names, expectations and the black-white test score gap. NBER Working Papers, No. 11195.Fisman R., Miguel E. (2007). Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 115, No. 6, pp. 1020-1048.Fisman R., Miguel E. (2007). Corruption, norms, and legal enforcement: Evidence from diplomatic parking tickets. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 115, No. 6, pp. 1020-1048.Fryer Jr. R. G., Levitt S. D. (2004). The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 767-805.Fryer Jr. R. G., Levitt S. D. (2004). The Causes and Consequences of Distinctively Black Names. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 767-805.Ginsburgh V.A., Weber S. (2014). Culture, linguistic diversity, and economics. In: V. A. Ginsburgh, D. Throsby (eds.). Handbook of the economics of art and culture, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 507-543.Ginsburgh V.A., Weber S. (2014). Culture, linguistic diversity, and economics. In: V. A. Ginsburgh, D. Throsby (eds.). Handbook of the economics of art and culture, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 507-543.Giuliano P. (2007). Living arrangements in Western Europe: Does cultural origin matter? Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 927-952.Giuliano P. (2007). Living arrangements in Western Europe: Does cultural origin matter? Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 927-952.Givati Y., Troiano U. (2012). Law, economics, and culture: Theory of mandated benefits and evidence from maternity leave policies. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 339-364.Givati Y., Troiano U. (2012). Law, economics, and culture: Theory of mandated benefits and evidence from maternity leave policies. Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 339-364.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2000). The role of social capital in financial development. NBER Working Papers, No. 7563.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2000). The role of social capital in financial development. NBER Working Papers, No. 7563.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 225-282.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2003). People’s opium? Religion and economic attitudes. Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 225-282.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23-48.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 23-48.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2011). Civic capital as the missing link. In: J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, M. O. Jackson (eds.). Handbook of Social Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 417-480.Guiso L., Sapienza P., Zingales L. (2011). Civic capital as the missing link. In: J. Benhabib, A. Bisin, M. O. Jackson (eds.). Handbook of Social Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 417-480.Hartenian L. S., Gudmundson D. E. (2000). Cultural diversity in small business: Implications for firm performance. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 209-219.Hartenian L. S., Gudmundson D. E. (2000). Cultural diversity in small business: Implications for firm performance. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 209-219.Helliwell J. F., Putnam R. D. (2007). Education and social capital. Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1-19.Helliwell J. F., Putnam R. D. (2007). Education and social capital. Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 1-19.Helliwell J. F., Wang S. (2011). Trust and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 42-78.Helliwell J. F., Wang S. (2011). Trust and wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 42-78.Henrich J. (2000). Does culture matter in economic behavior? Ultimatum game bargaining among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon. American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 973-979.Henrich J. (2000). Does culture matter in economic behavior? Ultimatum game bargaining among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon. American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 973-979.Hoff K. R., Pandey P. (2004). Belief systems and durable inequalities: An experimental investigation of Indian caste. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3351.Hoff K. R., Pandey P. (2004). Belief systems and durable inequalities: An experimental investigation of Indian caste. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 3351.Huntington S. P. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Huntington S. P. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twentieth century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.James H. S. (2015). Generalized morality, institutions and economic growth, and the inter- mediating role of generalized trust. Kyklos, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 165-196.James H. S. (2015). Generalized morality, institutions and economic growth, and the inter- mediating role of generalized trust. Kyklos, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 165-196.Jordan J. (2014). Religious belief, religious denomination, and preferences for redistribution: A comparison across 13 countries. West European Politics, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 19-41.Jordan J. (2014). Religious belief, religious denomination, and preferences for redistribution: A comparison across 13 countries. West European Politics, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 19-41.Kennedy B. P., Kawachi I., Brainerd E. (1998). The role of social capital in the Russian mortality crisis. World Development, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 2029-2043.Kennedy B. P., Kawachi I., Brainerd E. (1998). The role of social capital in the Russian mortality crisis. World Development, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp. 2029-2043.Knack S., Keefer P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country inves tigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251-1288.Knack S., Keefer P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country inves tigation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112, No. 4, pp. 1251-1288.Knowles J., Postlewaite A. (2004). Do children learn to save from their parents? Unpublished Manuscript, University of Pennsylvania. URL: http://economics. yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Macroeconomics/ postlewaite-040302.pdf.Knowles J., Postlewaite A. (2004). Do children learn to save from their parents? Unpublished Manuscript, University of Pennsylvania. URL: http://economics. yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Macroeconomics/ postlewaite-040302.pdf.Laham S. M., Koval P., Alter A. (2012). The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 752-756.Laham S. M., Koval P., Alter A. (2012). The name-pronunciation effect: Why people like Mr. Smith more than Mr. Colquhoun. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 752-756.Landes D. S. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations: why some countries are so rich and some so poor. N. Y.: Norton.Landes D. S. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations: why some countries are so rich and some so poor. N. Y.: Norton.Lee N. (2014). Migrant and ethnic diversity, cities and innovation: Firm effects or city effects? Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 769-796.Lee N. (2014). Migrant and ethnic diversity, cities and innovation: Firm effects or city effects? Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 769-796.Lieberson S., Mikelson K. S. (1995). Distinctive African American names: An experimental, historical, and linguistic analysis of innovation. American Sociological Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 928-946.Lieberson S., Mikelson K. S. (1995). Distinctive African American names: An experimental, historical, and linguistic analysis of innovation. American Sociological Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 928-946.McCleary R. M. (2007). Salvation, damnation, and economic incentives. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 49-74.McCleary R. M. (2007). Salvation, damnation, and economic incentives. Journal of Contemporary Religion, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 49-74.McCleary R. M., Barro R. (2003). Religion and economic growth across countries. American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 760-781.McCleary R. M., Barro R. (2003). Religion and economic growth across countries. American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 760-781.McCleary R. M., Barro R. J. (2006). Religion and economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 49-72.McCleary R. M., Barro R. J. (2006). Religion and economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 49-72.Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. (2014). National institutions and subnational development in Africa. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 129, No. 1, p. 151.Michalopoulos S., Papaioannou E. (2014). National institutions and subnational development in Africa. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 129, No. 1, p. 151.Miguel E., Gugerty M. K. (2005). Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 89, No. 11-12, pp. 2325-2368.Miguel E., Gugerty M. K. (2005). Ethnic diversity, social sanctions, and public goods in Kenya. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 89, No. 11-12, pp. 2325-2368.Minarik P. (2014). Religion and economic attitudes in post-communist transition. Post- Communist Economies, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 67-88.Minarik P. (2014). Religion and economic attitudes in post-communist transition. Post- Communist Economies, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 67-88.Montalvo J. G., Reynal-Querol M. (2014). Cultural diversity, conflict, and economic development. In V. A. Ginsburgh, D. Throsby (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 485-506.Montalvo J. G., Reynal-Querol M. (2014). Cultural diversity, conflict, and economic development. In V. A. Ginsburgh, D. Throsby (eds.). Handbook of the Economics of Art and Culture, Vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 485-506.Nunn N. (2008). The long-term effects of Africa’s slave trades. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 139-176.Nunn N. (2008). The long-term effects of Africa’s slave trades. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp. 139-176.Ottaviano G. I., Peri G. (2006). The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 9-44.Ottaviano G. I., Peri G. (2006). The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 9-44.Ottaviano G. I., Prarolo G. (2009). Cultural identity and knowledge creation in cosmopolitan cities. Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 647-662.Ottaviano G. I., Prarolo G. (2009). Cultural identity and knowledge creation in cosmopolitan cities. Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 647-662.Pepinsky T. B., Welborne B. C. (2011). Piety and redistributive preferences in the Muslim world. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 491-505.Pepinsky T. B., Welborne B. C. (2011). Piety and redistributive preferences in the Muslim world. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 491-505.Perez-Villadoniga M.J., Prieto-Rodriguez J., Suarez-Pandiello J. (2014). Willingness to work and religious beliefs in Europe. International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, pp. 147-165.Perez-Villadoniga M.J., Prieto-Rodriguez J., Suarez-Pandiello J. (2014). Willingness to work and religious beliefs in Europe. International Journal of Manpower, Vol. 35, No. 1/2, pp. 147-165.Philpott D. (2007). Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. American Political Science Review, No. 3, pp. 505-525.Philpott D. (2007). Explaining the political ambivalence of religion. American Political Science Review, No. 3, pp. 505-525.Platteau J.-P. (2000). Institutions, social norms, and economic development. Amsterdam: Harwood.Platteau J.-P. (2000). Institutions, social norms, and economic development. Amsterdam: Harwood.Scheve K., Stasavage D. (2006). Religion and preferences for social insurance. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 255-286.Scheve K., Stasavage D. (2006). Religion and preferences for social insurance. Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 255-286.Sparber C. (2010). Racial diversity and macroeconomic productivity across US states and cities. Regional Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 71-85.Sparber C. (2010). Racial diversity and macroeconomic productivity across US states and cities. Regional Studies, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 71-85.Sprietsma M. (2013). Discrimination in grading: experimental evidence from primary school teachers. Empirical Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 523-538.Sprietsma M. (2013). Discrimination in grading: experimental evidence from primary school teachers. Empirical Economics, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 523-538.Stegmueller D. (2013). Religion and redistributive voting in Western Europe. Journal of Politics, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 1064-1076.Stegmueller D. (2013). Religion and redistributive voting in Western Europe. Journal of Politics, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp. 1064-1076.Tabellini G. (2008). Institutions and culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, pp. 255-294.Tabellini G. (2008). Institutions and culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 6, No. 2-3, pp. 255-294.Tabellini G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 677-716.Tabellini G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 677-716.Woodberry R. D. (2012). The missionary roots of liberal democracy. American Political Science Review, No. 2, pp. 244-274.Woodberry R. D. (2012). The missionary roots of liberal democracy. American Political Science Review, No. 2, pp. 244-274.Zak P. J., Knack S. (2001). Trust and growth. Economic Journal, Vol. 111, No. 470, pp. 295-321.Zak P. J., Knack S. (2001). Trust and growth. Economic Journal, Vol. 111, No. 470, pp. 295-321.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.