voprecotestВопросы экономикиVoprosy Ekonomiki0042-8736Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP10.32609/0042-8736-2005-5-28-49voprecotest-1440Research ArticleВОПРОСЫ ТЕОРИИISSUES OF THEORYЭкономическое значение гражданского обществаThe Economic Role of Civil SocietyАузанА.AuzanA.

доктор экономических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой прикладной институциональной экономики

 

ТамбовцевВ.TambovtsevV.

доктор экономических наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией институционального анализа

 

Экономический факультет МГУ имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation200520052005052849Copyright © Voprosy Ekonomiki, NP, 20052005Voprosy Ekonomiki, NPVoprosy Ekonomiki, NPhttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/about/submissions#copyrightNoticehttps://www.vopreco.ru/jour/article/view/1440

Статья посвящена анализу механизмов позитивного воздействия гражданского общества на экономическое развитие страны. В дополнение к известным в литературе аргументам приводятся обоснования существования и действия еще как минимум двух механизмов: производство организациями гражданского общества таких благ, которые не производятся ни рынком, ни государством, а также повышение эффективности использования ресурсов за счет выравнивания переговорной силы граждан в их взаимодействиях с бизнесом и государством.

The paper is devoted to the analysis of civil society's positive influence on any country's economic development. In addition to well-known arguments, at least two extra mechanisms exist: civil society organizations produce goods that other organizations (business and public) don't; civil society organizations increase the bargaining power of citizens in their interaction with business and state and enhance the resource allocation efficiency.

институтыгражданское обществовнешние эффектыблагаcivil societystateeconomybusinessReferencesАузан А., Крючкова П. (ред.) Административные барьеры в экономике: институциональный анализ. М.: ИИФ СПРОС КонфОП, 2002.Аузан А., Крючкова П. (ред.) Административные барьеры в экономике: институциональный анализ. М.: ИИФ СПРОС КонфОП, 2002.Аузан А., Крючкова П. (ред.) Административные барьеры в экономике: институциональный анализ.Аузан А., Крючкова П. (ред.) Административные барьеры в экономике: институциональный анализ.Лейбенстайн Х. Аллокативная эффективность в сравнении с "Х-эффективностью". В сб.: Теория фирмы. СПб.: Экономическая школа, 1995.Лейбенстайн Х. Аллокативная эффективность в сравнении с "Х-эффективностью". В сб.: Теория фирмы. СПб.: Экономическая школа, 1995.Норт Д. Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики. М.: Фонд экономической книги "Начала", 1997.Норт Д. Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики. М.: Фонд экономической книги "Начала", 1997.Тамбовцев В. Парадокс российской бедности // Экология и жизнь, 2000, № 5.Тамбовцев В. Парадокс российской бедности // Экология и жизнь, 2000, № 5.Формализованная процедура выбора форм и инструментов регулирования. Информационно-аналитический бюллетень № 32. М.: Фонд "Бюро экономического анализа", декабрь 2002.Формализованная процедура выбора форм и инструментов регулирования. Информационно-аналитический бюллетень № 32. М.: Фонд "Бюро экономического анализа", декабрь 2002.Anheier H. (ed.). The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approaches. Kluwer Academic Pub. 2003.Anheier H. (ed.). The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approaches. Kluwer Academic Pub. 2003.Becker G. Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach // Journal of Political Economy, 1968, vol. 76, p. 169-217.Becker G. Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach // Journal of Political Economy, 1968, vol. 76, p. 169-217.Ben-Ner A., Gui B. Introduction. In: A. Ben-Ner, B. Gui (eds.). The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993, p. 1-26.Ben-Ner A., Gui B. Introduction. In: A. Ben-Ner, B. Gui (eds.). The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1993, p. 1-26.Besley T., Ghatak M. Competition and Incentives with Motivated Agents. CEPR Discussion Wolff F.-Ch., Prouteau L. Relational Goods and Associational Participation // Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics, September 2004, vol. 75, No 3, p. 431-463.Besley T., Ghatak M. Competition and Incentives with Motivated Agents. CEPR Discussion Wolff F.-Ch., Prouteau L. Relational Goods and Associational Participation // Annals of Public & Cooperative Economics, September 2004, vol. 75, No 3, p. 431-463.Besley T., Ghatak M. Incentives, Choice and Accountability in the Provision of Public Services // Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2003, vol. 19, No 3, p. 235-249.Besley T., Ghatak M. Incentives, Choice and Accountability in the Provision of Public Services // Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2003, vol. 19, No 3, p. 235-249.Billis D., Glennerster H. Human Services and the Voluntary Sector: Toward a Theory of Comparative Advantage // Journal of Social Policy, 1998, vol. 27, p. 79-98.Billis D., Glennerster H. Human Services and the Voluntary Sector: Toward a Theory of Comparative Advantage // Journal of Social Policy, 1998, vol. 27, p. 79-98.Cameron S. The Economics of Crime Deterrence // Kyklos, 1988, vol. 41, No 2, p. 301-323.Cameron S. The Economics of Crime Deterrence // Kyklos, 1988, vol. 41, No 2, p. 301-323.Dollery B., Wallis J. Economic Theories of the Voluntary Sector: A Survey of Government Failure and Market Failure Approaches // Economic Discussion Papers, No 0208, University of Otago, New Zealand, May 2002.Dollery B., Wallis J. Economic Theories of the Voluntary Sector: A Survey of Government Failure and Market Failure Approaches // Economic Discussion Papers, No 0208, University of Otago, New Zealand, May 2002.Epstein R. Externalities Everywhere? Morals and the Police Power // Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 1997, vol. 21, Fall, p. 61-70.Epstein R. Externalities Everywhere? Morals and the Police Power // Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 1997, vol. 21, Fall, p. 61-70.Fox L. Civil Society: A Conceptual Framework. Global Bureau, Center for Democracy, Washington D.C., USAID, 1995.Fox L. Civil Society: A Conceptual Framework. Global Bureau, Center for Democracy, Washington D.C., USAID, 1995.The Bank's Relations with NGOs: Issues and Directions. Social Development Papers, Paper no 28, August 11, 1998. World Bank. Washington, DC.The Bank's Relations with NGOs: Issues and Directions. Social Development Papers, Paper no 28, August 11, 1998. World Bank. Washington, DC.Glaeser E., Laibson D., Sacerdote B. The Economic Approach to Social Capital. Harvard Institute for Economic Research. Discussion Paper No 1916, March 2001.Glaeser E., Laibson D., Sacerdote B. The Economic Approach to Social Capital. Harvard Institute for Economic Research. Discussion Paper No 1916, March 2001.Hansmann H. Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organisation. In: W. Powell (ed.). The Nonprofit Handbook. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987, p. 27-42.Hansmann H. Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organisation. In: W. Powell (ed.). The Nonprofit Handbook. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1987, p. 27-42.Hansmann H. Ownership of Enterprise. Cambridge, MA, Balknap Press, 1996.Hansmann H. Ownership of Enterprise. Cambridge, MA, Balknap Press, 1996.Hood C., Scott C., James O., Jones G.W. and Travers T. Regulation Inside Government: Waste-Watchers, Quality Police and Sleaze-Busters. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.Hood C., Scott C., James O., Jones G.W. and Travers T. Regulation Inside Government: Waste-Watchers, Quality Police and Sleaze-Busters. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.James E. Economic Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: A Comparative Perspective. In: H. Anheier, W.Seibel (eds.). The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organisations. New York, Walter De Gruyter, 1990, p. 21-30.James E. Economic Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: A Comparative Perspective. In: H. Anheier, W.Seibel (eds.). The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organisations. New York, Walter De Gruyter, 1990, p. 21-30.Manjappa D., Vinay M. Diversifying the Global Economic and Social Structure - Emergence of Civil Society as a New Economic System. Paper presented on Sixth International Conference of ISTR (International Society for Third-Sector Research). Toronto, Canada, July 11-14, 2004.Manjappa D., Vinay M. Diversifying the Global Economic and Social Structure - Emergence of Civil Society as a New Economic System. Paper presented on Sixth International Conference of ISTR (International Society for Third-Sector Research). Toronto, Canada, July 11-14, 2004.McCarthy P. The Third Sector: Constructive Interventions with Civil Society. CARE. October 2000.McCarthy P. The Third Sector: Constructive Interventions with Civil Society. CARE. October 2000.Niskanen W. Non-Market Decision Making. The Peculiar Economics of Bureaucracy // American Economic Review, 1968, vol. 58, p. 293-305.Niskanen W. Non-Market Decision Making. The Peculiar Economics of Bureaucracy // American Economic Review, 1968, vol. 58, p. 293-305.Otto D. Nongovernmental Organizations in the United Nations System: The Emerging Role of International Civil Society // Human Rights Quarterly, 1996, vol. 18, p. 107-141.Otto D. Nongovernmental Organizations in the United Nations System: The Emerging Role of International Civil Society // Human Rights Quarterly, 1996, vol. 18, p. 107-141.Penney S. Taking Deterrence Seriously: Excluding Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence Under Section 24(2) of the Charter // McGill Law Journal, 2004, vol. 49, No 1 (January), p. 105-144.Penney S. Taking Deterrence Seriously: Excluding Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence Under Section 24(2) of the Charter // McGill Law Journal, 2004, vol. 49, No 1 (January), p. 105-144.Polinsky M., Shavell S. The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law // Journal of Economic Literature, 2000, vol. 38, No 1 (March), p. 45-76.Polinsky M., Shavell S. The Economic Theory of Public Enforcement of Law // Journal of Economic Literature, 2000, vol. 38, No 1 (March), p. 45-76.Porta P., Scazzieri R. Towards an Economic Theory of International Civil Society: Trust, Trade and Open Government // Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 1997, vol. 8, p. 5-28.Porta P., Scazzieri R. Towards an Economic Theory of International Civil Society: Trust, Trade and Open Government // Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 1997, vol. 8, p. 5-28.Posnett J. Trends in the Income of Charities, 1980 to 1985. In: J. McQuillan (ed.). Charity Trends 1986/87. Tonbridge, Charities Aid Foundation, 1987, p. 23-39.Posnett J. Trends in the Income of Charities, 1980 to 1985. In: J. McQuillan (ed.). Charity Trends 1986/87. Tonbridge, Charities Aid Foundation, 1987, p. 23-39.Putnam R. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.Putnam R. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.Rasmussen E. Of Sex and Drugs and Rock'n'Roll: Law and Economics and Social Regulation // Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 1997, vol. 21, Fall, p. 71-81.Rasmussen E. Of Sex and Drugs and Rock'n'Roll: Law and Economics and Social Regulation // Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 1997, vol. 21, Fall, p. 71-81.Rasmussen E. The Economics of Desecration: Flag Burning and Related Activities // Journal of Legal Studies, 1998, vol. XXVII, June, p. 245-269.Rasmussen E. The Economics of Desecration: Flag Burning and Related Activities // Journal of Legal Studies, 1998, vol. XXVII, June, p. 245-269.Rose-Ackermann S. Altruism, Nonprofits, and Economic Theory // Journal of Economic Literature, 1996, vol. 34, No 2, р. 701-728.Rose-Ackermann S. Altruism, Nonprofits, and Economic Theory // Journal of Economic Literature, 1996, vol. 34, No 2, р. 701-728.Salamon L. Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State // Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 1987, vol. 16, No 1/2, p. 29-49.Salamon L. Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State // Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 1987, vol. 16, No 1/2, p. 29-49.Salamon L., Anheier H. A Comparative Study of the Non-Profit Sector: Purposes, Methodology, Definition and Classification. In: S. Saxon-Harrold, J. Kendall (eds.). Researching the Voluntary Sector 1. Tonbridge, Charities Aid Foundation, 1993, p. 93-121.Salamon L., Anheier H. A Comparative Study of the Non-Profit Sector: Purposes, Methodology, Definition and Classification. In: S. Saxon-Harrold, J. Kendall (eds.). Researching the Voluntary Sector 1. Tonbridge, Charities Aid Foundation, 1993, p. 93-121.Salamon L., Anheier H. Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally // Voluntas, 1998, vol. l.9, No 3, p. 213-281.Salamon L., Anheier H. Social Origins of Civil Society: Explaining the Nonprofit Sector Cross-Nationally // Voluntas, 1998, vol. l.9, No 3, p. 213-281.Salamon L., Hems L., Chinnock K. The Nonprofit Sector: For What and for Whom? - Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No 37. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2000.Salamon L., Hems L., Chinnock K. The Nonprofit Sector: For What and for Whom? - Working Papers of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, No 37. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2000.Shleifer A. and Vishny R. The Grabbing Hand. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1998.Shleifer A. and Vishny R. The Grabbing Hand. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1998.Warkentin C., Mingst K. International Institutions, the State and Global Civil Society in the Age of the World Wide Web // Global Governance, 2000, vol. 6, p. 237-257.Warkentin C., Mingst K. International Institutions, the State and Global Civil Society in the Age of the World Wide Web // Global Governance, 2000, vol. 6, p. 237-257.Weisbrod B. Toward a Theory of the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector in a Three-Sector Economy. In: B. Weisbrod (ed.). The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1977, p. 51-76.Weisbrod B. Toward a Theory of the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector in a Three-Sector Economy. In: B. Weisbrod (ed.). The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector. Toronto: Lexington Books, 1977, p. 51-76.White G. Civil Society, Democratization and Development: Clearing the Analytical Ground // Democratization, 1994, vol. 1, No 3, p. 375-390.White G. Civil Society, Democratization and Development: Clearing the Analytical Ground // Democratization, 1994, vol. 1, No 3, p. 375-390.Williamson O. Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives // Administrative Science Quarterly, 1991, vol. 36, No 2, p. 269-296.Williamson O. Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives // Administrative Science Quarterly, 1991, vol. 36, No 2, p. 269-296.World Bank. New Path to Social Development: Community and Global Network in Action. Social Development Department, Geneva, The World Bank, June 2000.World Bank. New Path to Social Development: Community and Global Network in Action. Social Development Department, Geneva, The World Bank, June 2000.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.